tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4626667235898550432024-03-05T11:50:20.863-08:00Industrial AutomationMan is still the most extraordinary computer of all.
—John F. KennedyJ. A.http://www.blogger.com/profile/10160305872899761692noreply@blogger.comBlogger19125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462666723589855043.post-76958878087130512332017-04-14T11:02:00.002-07:002017-04-14T20:29:17.547-07:00Understand the importance of the maintenance as a profit center<br />
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We need to understand the importance of the maintenance as a profit center where processes are managed and optimized, instead the idea of maintenance where invoices are paid.</div>
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Recently I attended an interesting <a href="http://www.plantengineering.com/media-library/webcasts/2017-webcasts/030917-webcast.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0b5394;">webcast from plant engineering</span></a><span style="color: #0b5394;">,</span> its objective was to understand the importance of the maintenance as a profit center. I want to share some of the topics mentioned during this webcast.<br />
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The Internet of things give us access to big data, data coming from smart machines or smart sensors. In addition to this big data, the use of predictive technologies and powerful algorithms like artificial intelligence, allow us to detect failures earlier, have more powerful analysis and understand better where the problems are coming from, instead of dealing with the symptoms that could take a lot of time. This provides a better Root of Cause Analysis (RCA).<br />
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The purpose of this technologies applied to the industry is to save maintenance time, and with a better RCA we can reduce the downtime.</div>
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Then, we can use the time saved in maintenance planning and scheduling. This planning and scheduling together with the RCA improvements produces a higher mean time between failures (MTBF), uptime and lower maintenance cost. All this increase the profits of the plant.</div>
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How can we handle the big data?</h3>
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The access to data is getting bigger every year, the management of this big data has become a challenge, it is impossible for a human being to analyze this amount of data. That’s why the use of big data analytics is important to filter all this information. Data analytics starts looking for trends, for interactions between data, giving a better understanding about the data we are receiving.</div>
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But the information received from data analytics programs is still more than the human being can handle, if we consider that the human being can absorb in average 3 words per second, read or spoken. So, the use of spoken words or text in the industry is not enough method to communicate all the information we are getting.</div>
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In the other hand, a picture can express the idea of many words. The use of visual processing has become very important because it helps us understand better the information received from data analytics. </div>
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That is the case of virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies, with industry applications where useful virtual information is displayed on the top of real equipment using glasses, or smart phones or tablets. This provides a better understanding of what is going on the process or the equipment, making easier and more effective the maintenance job.</div>
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Also, the AR/VR is helping train personal on their jobs. There are VR welding simulators, that allow for hands-on experience, without the cost of learning on actual materials.</div>
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Smart glasses are seeing adoption on factory floors and in fields like construction and oil and gas, where hands need to be free, but tech tools can increase efficiency. The maintenance personal can make a repair on a piece of equipment, and having a guide on how to do that, right in your field of view.</div>
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The AR wearable lets users do things like see through faulty pipes or overlay directions onto the helmet's display. </div>
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Some of the opportunities related to the use of big data coming from the IIoT:</h3>
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•Collecting data without a purpose, not useful and meaningful information. Industries needs to look for the way to make the information useful.</div>
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•Big amounts of data should be processed by effective algorithms. Engineers need to understand the process and how to apply specific algorithms to the process. Ineffective algorithms are not going to help engineers to make right decisions.</div>
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•Conditional algorithms will need to be created for process and maintenance changes, for example, changes introduced by new products.</div>
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• The organization needs to trust or believe in the information they are receiving. If they think the information doesn’t match what they see over the years, then the organization is not going to make use of the information derived from the data.</div>
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•Sometimes industries are getting the data but it is not communicated or reported effectively. </div>
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•The organizations don’t have the systems, procedures or processes in place to use the data correctly.</div>
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•Creates “tail-chasing” tweaks and sets off avalanche of changes.</div>
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•The industries need to be prepare to add complexity, sensor calibrations, PLC analog modules.</div>
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Predictive maintenance technology:</h3>
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The use of predictive technologies allows the algorithms to see the issue before the equipment fails. The use of predictive technology with the IIoT and the appropriate algorithm can give us a clear idea about the source of the issue.</div>
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The statistics show that 68% of process or equipment failures are introduced from the beginning, form the start up, this is called the infant mortality curve. This means that the defect is taking place from the beginning and this defect is like a time bomb, waiting for that problem to happen.</div>
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With the use of IIoT to get the data, predictive technology and the appropriate algorithms, this infant mortality defects can be detected and fixed easily.</div>
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The I to P to F curve is a model that shows how an installation of asset could become with the time a point of failure and them to a catastrophic failure. The cost to do the repair gets higher as we go close to the catastrophic failure. So, if we can recognize and fix the issue much earlier, then there is a save of time and money. Time that can be used for maintenance planning and scheduling.</div>
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As we see on the curve, the predictive maintenance takes place from the first symptoms, from the point where the failure status occurs. Then the preventive maintenance takes place when the audible noise and hot to touch scenarios occur. At the end the corrective maintenance occurs when the equipment functionality fails. </div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">I to P to F curve of maintenance</td></tr>
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Benefits of big data to the maintenance:</h3>
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<li>Savings from the reduction of inventory costs due the early detection of failures.</li>
<li>Reduction of the preventive maintenance.</li>
<li>Better verification of the maintenance performed.</li>
<li>Better identification of the infant mortality failures.</li>
<li>Better Root of Cause Analysis.</li>
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To be successful using big data, the industry must have a good planning, efficient algorithms and processes to convert data to information. The information needs to be displayed meaningfully, and train people about how to use this information effectively. Also, the company needs to have a good MOC (Management of change) process to maintain the data going into the algorithms and avoid tweaks.</div>
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Not all the companies are ready for this kind of technologies, I want to finish this post mentioning 7 questions that Shon Isenhour, Principal, Eruditio, LLC, did to evaluate if your organization is ready:</div>
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• Are business processes established, documented and adhered to? </div>
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• Does your organization have a mature calibration program? </div>
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• Do you plan work effectively? </div>
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• What is the “size” of your scheduling window? </div>
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• Do you effectively manage your backlog? </div>
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• Do you effectively utilize Predictive Maintenance (PdM) Technologies to identify failures early on the P-F Curve? </div>
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• Does your processes effectively utilize PdM data and a planning & scheduling process to correct findings before they reach functional failure? </div>
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J. A.http://www.blogger.com/profile/10160305872899761692noreply@blogger.com10tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462666723589855043.post-5070509030642153242017-04-08T07:47:00.000-07:002017-04-08T07:52:37.706-07:00Energy Mega Projects<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Top 5 Energy Mega Projects</span></span></h2>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Three Gorges Dam</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The Three Gorges Dam is a hydroelectric dam located at the Yangtze River by the town of Sandouping, in Yiling District, China. Is the world's largest power station in terms of installed capacity 22,500 MW.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Kemper Project</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Kemper Project, or Kemper County Energy Facility, is the world's first Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle plant with Carbon Capture & Sequestration. The project is currently under construction, and is expected to open the first half of 2016, nearly two years behind schedule, the cost had increased to $7.1 billion.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sask Power Boundary Dam</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Sask Power Boundary Dam, the world's first large-scale, coal-fired Carbon Capture & Storage plant. Completed in 2014, with a capacity of 120 megawatts (MW) of base-load electricity and can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to one million tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) each year. That’s equivalent to taking more than 250,000 cars off Saskatchewan roads annually</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Tres Amigas Super Station</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Tres Amigas Super Station, will unite the U.S. electric grid. Utilizing the latest advances in power grid technology, Tres Amigas is focused on providing the first common interconnection of America's three power grids to help the country achieve its renewable energy goals and facilitate the smooth, reliable and efficient transfer of green power from region to region. Tres Amigas LLC is planning to invest $500 million.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Olkiluoto 3</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Olkiluoto 3 is on the shore of the Gulf of Bothnia in the municipality of Eurajoki in western Finland. It consists of two Boiling Water Reactors (BWRs) each producing 860 MW of electricity. In December 2012, Areva estimated that the full cost of building the reactor will be about €8.5 billion, or almost three times the delivery price of €3 billion. According to Financial Times in December 2014 construction of unit 3 has descended into farce as it is currently expected to open nine years late.</span><br />
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<br />65% of mega projects fail:</h3>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br />A study carried out on large-scale projects in the oil and gas sector, where the biggest projects are related to LNG, gas pipeline, refining and upstream, found that 65% are facing cost overruns and 73% of projects have schedule delays.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br />This trend is very similar in all regions of the world, although it may vary somewhat depending on local regulations.<br />This cost overruns and the delays in the delivery time combined with the low oil costs and the uncertainty of the market, have generated a tendency for the stakeholders not to continue with the development of new projects and even detention of projects already initiated.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Most of the issues are related first, to people, organizations and governance, second, to management processes and procurement strategies, and third, external factors like government interventions and environmental regulations.</span><br />
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Main factors that affect the projects are:</h3>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br />The commercial context of the project, which presents risks such as access to funds, complex agreements between companies and a poor portfolio of projects with little clarity of project selection and management.<br />Project development, where inadequate planning is presented. Bad choice of contractors and materials for the error of focusing only on costs and not quality.<br /> In the delivery of projects, failures in understanding the critical activities of the project affect delivery times. Also, the delivery times are affected by the poor contractor management with inadequate capacity of the equipment provided and a poor service without the knowledge and the experience required.<br />Regulatory challenges, currently there is a high regulation of keeping a safe and healthy environment, this is a good thing, but with the improper administration this can raise the costs of the project. Another challenge are the regulations of multiple government entities that cause delays to obtain the appropriate permits.<br />Geopolitical challenges such as diplomatic and security problems, unsafe financial environments, and trade unions and organizations that demand certain agreements that generate delays.<br />Some of the external factors such as regulations and geopolitics are more difficult to control, but we can also mitigate some of the internal factors such as the commercial context, development and delivery of the project.</span><br />
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Part of the solutions:</h3>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br />Stakeholders demand better project management and more efficient use of resources, so the project can be sustainable. Hence contracted companies are focused on improving their work system, developing new tools to improve the life cycle of the project, initially seeking the understanding of the project by both the contractor and stakeholders, planning realistically based on the requirements and limitations, and execution focused on simplicity without neglecting quality. In this manner, the contractors seek to guarantee the stakeholders the fulfillment of budget and schedule to motivate them to invest in projects.<br />Part of the solutions proposed are to develop new project management tools, consider the lessons learned, develop a structure that provides real-time information on the progress of critical activities. These solutions can improve project performance by reducing costs and eliminating delays in delivery times.</span>J. A.http://www.blogger.com/profile/10160305872899761692noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462666723589855043.post-20005900441329283092017-03-22T20:49:00.000-07:002017-03-22T20:49:11.700-07:00The importance of the operators in a plant<br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>The design of an industrial plant determines its production capacity. Operators must be aware of the production capacity of the plants where they work. Operators control the process to achieve the goals set by the business, so operators play a key role in achieving the business objectives.</em></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1UyYDevsxKKcMTiwusPfqbwaV_8Ha2ymMErXXi2cwVUZxzRoO0RV1mgyLbwCmO3MpTlJYHoVVKPy_FDgYK2MQB7EEDyeJw2hHwaE99QILdc8j444xdo1WTWr9ty9MVUg96ZsztYGDUnnC/s1600/Role+of+a+plant+operator.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="376" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1UyYDevsxKKcMTiwusPfqbwaV_8Ha2ymMErXXi2cwVUZxzRoO0RV1mgyLbwCmO3MpTlJYHoVVKPy_FDgYK2MQB7EEDyeJw2hHwaE99QILdc8j444xdo1WTWr9ty9MVUg96ZsztYGDUnnC/s640/Role+of+a+plant+operator.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Plant operator</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">To achieve these objectives, the operator must monitor the system and take actions such as opening or closing the valves, or starting and stopping motors, these actions are previously analyzed by the operator to ensure the safety of workers, equipment and the environment.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br />I have the opportunity to work in control rooms along with the operators in commissioning processes and start-ups, it is very important that always the engineers keep in touch with the operators, they have a lot of experience of how the process works. The engineer must inform the operator of the commissioning task that is planned to confirm that it is safe to do, at the end the operator oversees the good operation of the system.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br />To control the system, operators must be well trained in the process. This trainings can be perform in plant simulation environments like OTS, where it is simulated different scenarios and the operator needs to take the actions required to meet some amount of production, also It can simulate dangerous process conditions and the operator must find a quick solution to avoid an accident and to recover the system.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br />Also a good practice for the preparation of the operators is to place them at the beginning in basic tasks, they are assigned initially as an assistant operator, with the objective that knows the process little by little before handling it. In this way, different levels of operators can exist within the operations team of the plant.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br />After several years the operator acquires a good experience, with these knowledge of the plant, they can help to make improvements to the process. They can also coach other beginner operators.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Depending on the size of the plant, operators can operate one or more areas, ensuring that the operator's work is not saturated. The operator and the managers must be aware that the operator should not be saturated with multiple tasks as this could cause losses.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br />We must never underestimate the work of the operators, they have a lot of experience and knowledge of the process, during commissioning engineers must try to be in contact with the operators.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br />It is also advantageous to invite the operators with more experience in the design and modification of the control system, in the end they are the ones who are operating every day and know how the process behaves and what improvements it needs.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br />To facilitate the work of the operators, the control system engineers must program the system to be as friendly as possible. A system can be very efficient, but if its control or graphical interface is very complicated, this can generate errors of operation and to be reflected in a decrease of the production. Engineers should always configure the system thinking from the operator's point of view, looking for the simplest yet effective way to operate it.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br />Operators should pay special attention to the alarms generated by the system, hence the control system must have a good rationalization of alarms. On many occasions, I have noticed that there are systems with many high priority active alarms, this causes a lack of interest on the part of the operator when alarms get active, since it is normal to find active alarms. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the system alarms well, to avoid redundancy of alarms and to disable alarms conditionally depending on the use of the equipment.<br /> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The work of the operators is of great value for the fulfillment of the objectives of the business, to ensure the safety of the people, a good operation allows the equipment life to be extended, besides a good operation not only makes more efficient the production, also the stages of commissioning and start-up.<br /><br /> <br /></span> J. A.http://www.blogger.com/profile/10160305872899761692noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462666723589855043.post-24606174100171653012017-03-21T20:56:00.001-07:002017-03-22T20:50:59.992-07:00Flexible Manufacturing Systems<br />
<h3 style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-size: large;">Closed-loop control process</span> </span></h3>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;">A closed-loop control process has a
feedback that is related to the output of the system. </span><span title="Tomemos como ejemplo un sistema de control de flujo, el sistema tiene como entrada un valor deseado, también conocido como setpoint, y este setpoint es recibido por un controlador que actúa sobre una válvula de control de flujo.">Take
for example a flow control system, the system has as input a desired value,
also known as setpoint, and this setpoint is received by a controller that acts
on the process sending a control signal to a flow valve. </span><span title="Hasta este momento hemos descrito un lazo de control abierto donde no hay una realimentación.
">So
far we have described an open control loop where there is no feedback.</span></span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">To close the loop, it is required a sensor
that measures the flow that varies according to the position of the valve, in
this way the flow sensor measurement represents the feedback of the system.</span></span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;">The system then calculates the error or
difference between the flow set point (reference value) and the feedback value, also called
process value, which is processed by the controller to again act on the valve
which will simultaneously produce a variant of the flow. </span><span title="Al final el objetivo es que la diferencia o el error entre la referencia y el feedback sea lo más cercano a cero.
">At
the end the goal is that the difference or error between the reference and
feedback is closest to zero.</span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0Jd_hGyEV-BWdyh-TSY9a3STAo3y3m6Wnl3X9N8bUnlzySZjW3AiTxH8ueAQF7lzL_6gGxHWtchJeEFfKSnL0j6Goh0pgk1cftjk9In5w_W39e87deTogP7IeAUdHiOuK4XWTV8eZxiFw/s1600/Closed-loop+control+process.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="536" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0Jd_hGyEV-BWdyh-TSY9a3STAo3y3m6Wnl3X9N8bUnlzySZjW3AiTxH8ueAQF7lzL_6gGxHWtchJeEFfKSnL0j6Goh0pgk1cftjk9In5w_W39e87deTogP7IeAUdHiOuK4XWTV8eZxiFw/s640/Closed-loop+control+process.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Closed-Loop Control Process</td></tr>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span></span><a name='more'></a><br />
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In closed-loop control systems it is very
important to determine the correct control equation and the gains or factors
thereof to have a well-tuned control where the reference value is reached
(error equal to zero) in a suitable time.</span></span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The measured variable from the sensor must
send the signal back to the controller in real time, to have an acceptable
response time.</span></span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">By applying this closed-loop principle to
different workstations that have a function into a manufacture, we obtain a <strong>computer integrated manufacture</strong>. </span></span><br />
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The computer integrated manufacture have the possibility to adapt the system according to the process requirements. This type of systems are also called <strong>flexible manufacturing systems</strong> (FMS).</span></span></div>
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</span><br />
<h3 style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Flexible Manufacturing Systems</span></span></h3>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Flexible manufacturing systems allow the
system to adapt to changes easily. </span><span title="Por ejemplo, el sistema puede cambiar para producir algún producto nuevo con facilidad o cambiar la ejecución de las operaciones de la manufactura, a esto se le conoce como flexibilidad de la máquina.
">For
example, the system can change to produce some new product easily or change the
execution of manufacturing operations, this is known as machine flexibility.</span></span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The flexible manufacturing systems can offer
redundancy of the process, where they allow to use different machines to
generate the same product and thus to eliminate the dead times, or to change
the capacity of production of the system, to adapt to the demands of the
market, this is known as routine flexibility.</span></span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">This flexibility of the system allows to
adapt the factory to be more efficient, for example, the factory can change the
process according to the availability and price of the raw material, as well as
the demand of the product.</span></span></div>
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</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">This flexibility makes the system more
efficient, but it is also necessary to consider the cost of implementation and
maintenance of the system because it is a more complex system.</span></span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Basically a flexible manufacturing system
consists of three parts:</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Workstations</span></b><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;">: Also known as CNC (Computer Numerical Control), which perform different
functions on the parts, such as loading and unloading, assembly, inspections,
formers, etc.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Automated
material handling and storage system</span></b><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;">: These systems are used
to transport parts between workstations and sometimes store them in warehouses
once finished.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; line-height: 107%;">Control System</span></b><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; line-height: 107%;">: It
is responsible for organizing the different tasks performed by the workstations
and managing the automated system of handling and storage. </span><span title="Tiene control sobre cada una de las estaciones de trabajo.">Has control
over each of the workstations. </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span title="También puede monitorear y generar reportes.
">It can also monitor
and generate reports.</span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQhStpCKtCDKWBUhepuknkjt0yKEbgrFZACE_h1amdPAKJXHMS97hYboumk8rBxrvRpYAdRD1oOp5A9VoBFVz9gCJYKXLBLC9c5LaelWKxN3bwPLo5Bz6qc7uGFCdqzo8DBTJgea0AM0Zd/s1600/Flexible+Manufacturing+System.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="536" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQhStpCKtCDKWBUhepuknkjt0yKEbgrFZACE_h1amdPAKJXHMS97hYboumk8rBxrvRpYAdRD1oOp5A9VoBFVz9gCJYKXLBLC9c5LaelWKxN3bwPLo5Bz6qc7uGFCdqzo8DBTJgea0AM0Zd/s640/Flexible+Manufacturing+System.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Flexible Manufacturing System components</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "arial";"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span title="Un ejemplo de la aplicación de FMS es la industria automovilística, donde se necesita ensamblar diferentes tipos de partes para producir diferentes tipos de autos, utilizando la misma maquinaria.">An
example of FMS application is the automotive industry, where it is necessary to
assemble different types of parts to produce different types of cars, using the
same machinery.</span></span>J. A.http://www.blogger.com/profile/10160305872899761692noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462666723589855043.post-10203927619994786002017-03-16T11:49:00.000-07:002017-03-22T20:48:40.174-07:00To the workers who build the industry<br />
<h3 style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The workers who build the industry, workers dedicated to
the construction, commissioning and maintenance of industrial plants.</span></span></h3>
<h3 style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br /></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;"></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">I am impressed by the pictures of workers on skyscrapers in the first decades of
the XX century, where workers are seen in metal structures at great heights
without any personal protective equipment (PPE), makes me think of the
conditions so dangerous where the employees were exposed.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3I4C-hYlTrkMpxLuQ3-dr41tNtuC1bZp3Rc5f_b9dbwS3IvbFJKVdgb8HfDBnCBUXI-w-XXCmju3mDxx_VcePV98SzPrrRveFtE2x0cVq_x7k-cAjyMM_AWCk8Az9TR24XYkXflVApToW/s1600/Construction+worker.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="512" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3I4C-hYlTrkMpxLuQ3-dr41tNtuC1bZp3Rc5f_b9dbwS3IvbFJKVdgb8HfDBnCBUXI-w-XXCmju3mDxx_VcePV98SzPrrRveFtE2x0cVq_x7k-cAjyMM_AWCk8Az9TR24XYkXflVApToW/s640/Construction+worker.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A worker constructing the Empire State Building in 1930, overlooking the Chrysler Building in the background (r), by Lewis Hine</td></tr>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Unfortunately, there
were no enough regulations for employers to ensure the safety of their employees, perhaps these rules were not enforced strictly, employers took advantage of
the workers economic need to expose them to those tasks so risky. Also, this combined with the overconfidence of the workers, generated a very dangerous environment.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Times change, and over the years, stronger regulations have been established in the area of safety. </span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">While these regulations have managed to reduce the number of accidents, the
commitment to compliance by both the employer and the employee must be
increased.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In my work, I have had the opportunity to meet very good men and women who have
dedicated themselves to this difficult field of construction, commissioning and
maintenance of industrial plants, people who dedicate their lives to build our
future.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Many of them leave their families and friends to move from one place to another around the country, or even to other countries looking for new constructions, or
perhaps some plant modernization or expansion. </span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Many times, they work extended hours
of 12 hours a day or more during all four seasons of the year, in extreme
temperatures of winter or summer. They work in hazardous environments, climbing
structures or maybe near toxic or explosive substances.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzo5paxC0CDMEB6ImmBlw5qhCzjP8hQV7rC7pOtFmQOwWg2g_1eLr3TlRyyn8k-GwjInBZYyNjlVznPNeUF4YrMur5kifdG6PmEuxg6uSp4OpYX_9LqxHXpMOqQAPLtBAvKh5UUTPLK0-0/s1600/construction+worker+oil+industry.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzo5paxC0CDMEB6ImmBlw5qhCzjP8hQV7rC7pOtFmQOwWg2g_1eLr3TlRyyn8k-GwjInBZYyNjlVznPNeUF4YrMur5kifdG6PmEuxg6uSp4OpYX_9LqxHXpMOqQAPLtBAvKh5UUTPLK0-0/s640/construction+worker+oil+industry.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><em><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;"></span></em></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">
</span><br />
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The statistics don’t
favor them, but still, they go to work trusting that they don’t get with the
same bad fate</span></span></h3>
<h3 style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br /></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The statistics are not very favorable, per OSHA on
average there are 12 fatal injuries per day and every year 4,500 workers die,
these numbers have been improving over the years, but there is still much work
to do to avoid this type of fatalities, because only a lost life is reason
enough to mourn.</span></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #222222;">My advice to them, analyze what kind of fatal injuries occur
and think how they could have been avoided, </span><a href="https://www.osha.gov/dep/fatcat/dep_fatcat.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">here you can find them</span></a><span style="color: #222222;">.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<h3 style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Beware of overconfidence, don't be like some skyscraper worker of the past</span></span></h3>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"></span></b><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br /><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">
The knowledge or skill that we acquire in our tasks makes us more efficient,
but beware this can become a double-edged sword that could hurt us.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Overconfidence is generated precisely because of the ease with which we perform
a task and therefore we pay less attention to what we are doing, this can
culminate in an accident.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Such is the case of the very experienced worker who has worked for many years
in a plant and thinks that he knows the unit very well. One day he is sent to take
a part of the pipe or “brake a line” and the worker assumes that there is no
product in it, he does not check with the operators or process engineers and takes
the decision to “brake a line”, guess what? Exactly, the pressure of
the product in the tank that was connected to the pipe, forces the product to
go through the pipe removed and splashes the worker causing severe burns.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Do
not assume anything, you always should ask!</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.ppd.uky.edu/erik_peake/1998.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">Here you will find a good article</span></a><span style="color: #222222;"> about how the overconfidence can generate accidents.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<h3 style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Some Tips to Reduce
Overconfidence</span></span></h3>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"></span></b><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br /><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">
Always pay attention to what is indicated in the security meetings and do not
hesitate to ask any questions, in security matters no question is silly.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Be alert for any indications of workplace safety, any signs, barricades, locks
and tagging.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Coordinate with operations personnel to verify that no operations or other
types of tests are performed</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br /><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">
I hope that we really value the work of these great men and women who are
engaged in these riskier jobs, I hope that employers really care to train the
employees and make the working conditions as safe as possible, that bosses
understand that a life has more value than a delivery time and that the workers
themselves assume the commitment to always watch over their safety and the
safety of their colleagues.</span><em><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">
</span></em></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><em><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"></span></em></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><em><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></em></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><em><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">What can I do as an employee or employer to make my work
safer?</span></em></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><em><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">What experiences have you had and what advice would you give to other workers?</span></em></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
</div>
J. A.http://www.blogger.com/profile/10160305872899761692noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462666723589855043.post-88134176576238637442017-03-16T08:13:00.000-07:002017-03-16T08:13:48.452-07:00Insecurity of Smart Things, cyber attacks and vulnerability of the IoT<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-size: large;">Billions of smart things
connected, are they really secure?</span></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;"></span></b><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-size: large;">Smart things such as telephones, televisions, cars,
medical equipment, smart homes, etc… have taken a leading role in today's
market, the aim of these devices is to provide a better product and customer
service.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-size: large;">Approximately 6.4 billion smart things are connected,
only in the United States there are 25 devices connected to the network per 100
inhabitants. People use these devices on a daily basis without realizing that
they can be victims of an information theft attack at any time.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz5Pkq3gWVz90R8wADmz9m-A_3ilgdY0zXz42jvWJt_Pj3-VLmYx1qGWGRApxTnUDguDHje_jy1pGhXPZT7VCBL5l8FIO_lRymDcWyVkfN1jTlx6G6rTqUf9oGxiJWdMXxJ9zQJ_PG0TMM/s1600/Cyber+security+attack.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="247" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz5Pkq3gWVz90R8wADmz9m-A_3ilgdY0zXz42jvWJt_Pj3-VLmYx1qGWGRApxTnUDguDHje_jy1pGhXPZT7VCBL5l8FIO_lRymDcWyVkfN1jTlx6G6rTqUf9oGxiJWdMXxJ9zQJ_PG0TMM/s400/Cyber+security+attack.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cyber attacks to the Internet of Things</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;"></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;">Smart phones</span></b></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;"></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-size: large;">Our phones contain important information such as bank account passwords and
credit card information, this information can be stolen simply by downloading
an application that is infected.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;">Apple iOS Users</span></b></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><strong><span style="font-size: large;">I</span></strong></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-size: large;">t is not recommended to violate the security of the iOS systems, this is
called<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>"jailbreak" and this
practice allows phones to install applications not authorized by Apple App
Store, these types of phones are most vulnerable to attacks.</span><a href="https://www.symantec.com/content/dam/symantec/docs/reports/istr-21-2016-en.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">According to the annual report of Symantec given in April 2016</span></a><span style="font-size: large;">
, the Apple phones presented the following attacks:</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<ul style="direction: ltr; list-style-type: disc;">
<li style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"><div style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-size: large;">9 new iOS threat
families were identified by 2015.</span></span></div>
</li>
<li style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"><div style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-size: large;">Bootlegged developer software
XcodeGhost, infected up to 4,000 applications.</span></span></div>
</li>
<li style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"><div style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-size: large;">YiSpecter malware completely avoided the
application store by using the enterprise application provisioning framework.</span></span></div>
</li>
<li style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"><div style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-size: large;">Youmi embedded in 256 iOS applications.
This software is used in applications to display advertising, but also sends
personal information to a remote location without the consent of users.</span></span></div>
</li>
<li style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"><div style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-size: large;">Vulnerabilities in Apple's AirDrop wireless
file transfer system could allow an attacker to install malware on an Apple
device.</span></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-size: large;">Andriod Users</span></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span></b><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-size: large;">Per the Symantec report, in the first quarter of 2015, 550 attacks were blocked
for the day, gradually decreasing this number until in the fourth quarter again
rose 495 blocked attacks per day.<br />
In July 2015, 7 vulnerabilities were identified and 2 more were identified in
October.The attacks mostly come from downloads of multimedia messages like
videos.<br />
There were also phishing attacks by opening a fake window to enter the bank
password on the banks websites.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-size: large;">Some of the
recommendations for phone safety are:</span></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;"></span></b><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;">
• Keep applications up-to-date.<br />
• Don't downloading applications from unauthorized sites.<br />
• Don't Jailbreak the device, they are more vulnerable to attacks.<br />
• If you suspect your account has been compromised, change your Apple ID or
Google Play password.<br />
• Be careful of emails or notifications that pop up on your screen asking for personal
information.<br />
• Be careful opening unwanted video or audio files.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;">Smart TVs</span></b></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span></div>
<div style="border-image: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-size: large;">These devices can also receive attacks as fraud clicks, be controlled by
criminals without even perceiving it, can steal password data or even be victim
of the ransomware technique that encrypts files and keeps them hostage until a
payment is made. <span style="color: black;">Here is a video demonstration of how smart TVs can be hacked.</span><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></span></div>
<div style="border-image: none;">
<br /></div>
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</span><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-size: large;">Smart cars</span></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;"></span></b><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-size: large;">A proof-of-concept was made to demonstrate that hackers could have remote control
of the smart cars of the brands Fiat Chrysler and Jeep, but this doesn’t mean
that the other brands are exempt. This goes beyond the theft of information;
this attacks the lives of people. <span style="color: black;">Here is a video that shows how a Jeep is controlled remotely.</span> </span></span></div>
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In the UK there have been cases of cars theft because keyless smart systems have been
hacked.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;">Smart Homes devices:</span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-size: large;">Millions of homes can be attacked, </span><a href="http://www.symantec.com/content/en/us/enterprise/media/security_response/whitepapers/insecurity-in-the-internet-of-things.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">Symantec identified 50 devices vulnerable,among them the smart lock that can be opened remotely</span></a><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">.</span> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;"></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-size: large;">I think smart devices bring a lot of benefits to users,
they do incredible things that we never imagined or just watched in science
fiction movies. It is for this reason that the world is flooded with these
devices, we really like it, they simplify life, they give us intelligent
information when we need it, but definitely the developers of these
technologies require better security mechanisms to prevent information theft or
even attacks against life as in the case of smart cars.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;"></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-size: large;">Think about the smart devices you have and evaluate what
actions you could take to avoid an information theft attack?</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;"></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-size: large;">Comment your ideas so others can also protect themselves.</span></span></div>
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J. A.http://www.blogger.com/profile/10160305872899761692noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462666723589855043.post-31635924576207205112017-03-11T19:08:00.000-08:002017-03-12T21:07:43.909-07:00Funding of millions of dollars destined to the Smart Manufacturing technology<h3>
<span lang="en"><span style="font-size: large;" title="DOE invierte 70 millones de dolares en el desarrollo de fabricas inteligentes ">DOE has destined $ 70 million in the development of smart manufacturing</span></span></h3>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Smart Manufacturing funding</td></tr>
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<span lang="en"><span title="En septiembre del 2015 el DOE anuncia invertir hasta 70 millones en fondos para el Instituto de Fabricación de Energía Limpia el cual está enfocado en el desarrollo de las fábricas inteligentes."><a href="https://www.energy.gov/articles/energy-department-announces-70-million-innovation-institute-smart-manufacturing" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><em>In September 2015 DOE announced up to $ 70 million in funding for the Clean Energy Manufacturing Institute</em></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><em>, which is focused on the development of smart factories. </em></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;" title="La magnitud de esta inversión nos puede dar una idea clara del valor que esta teniendo en la industria la implementación de este tipo de tecnologías, convirtiendose en el nuevo camino a seguir. "><em>The magnitude of this investment can give us a clear idea of the value that is having in the industry the implementation of this type of technologies, becoming the new way forward.</em></span></span><br />
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<span lang="en"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span title="Recuerdo cuando estaba en la universidad en un curso de Introducción a la ciencia y tecnología, y vi por primera vez la película de Tiempos Modernos esterilizada por el famoso actor Charlie Chaplin.">I remember when I was in the university in an Introduction to Science and Technology course, and I saw for the first time the Modern Times movie by the famous actor Charlie Chaplin. </span><span title="Me acerco la escena donde el traidor llega la fábrica y el asignador de la tarea de ajustar las tuercas de una serie de piezas que son movidas por una banda de traslación, este trabajo demanda mucha concentración y destrucción por la parte del trabajador para poder todas las">I liked the scene where the new employee arrives the factory and has the assignment to adjust the screws of a series of pieces that are moved by a belt conveyor, this work demanded a lot of concentration and dexterity by the worker to be able to adjust all the screws</span><span title="muchachas Tuercas que iban pasando a una velocidad rapida."> that were passing at a rapid speed. </span><span title="El nuevo trabajador trataba de cumplir con el trabajo con el compromiso de no dejar pasar ni una sola vez sin ver.">The new worker tried to fulfill the work with the commitment of not letting go any piece without adjusting it. </span><span title="Pero la tarea era demasiado abrasiva y empezo a un agotamiento, su mente se fue afectando hasta desembarcar en una locura ambiciosa por cumplir su trabajo y en un intento de tallar todas las tuercas por accidente en el sistema de engranajes. ">But the task was too overwhelming and he starts to fill exhausted, his mind was affected until he enter in ambitious madness to do his job and in one attempt to adjust all the screws, by accident he fell in the gear system.</span></span></span></span><br />
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<span lang="en"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span title="Si bien es una escena cómica, refleja como ha ido evolucionando la industria, en un principio con muchas tareas manuales repetitivas, elevando el índice de accidentes de operadores.">Although it is a comic scene, it reflects how the industry has evolved, initially with many repetitive manual tasks, raising the accident rate of operators. </span><span title="Con la automatización industrial los procesos se fueron haciendo cada vez más eficientes, pasando de trabajos manuales a los trabajos mas especializados y una reduccion palpable de accidentes laborales. ">With industrial automation processes became increasingly efficient, moving from manual jobs to more specialized jobs and a palpable reduction of occupational accidents.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="en"><span title="Actualmente la industria continua desarrollándose, buscando nuevas tecnologías para mejorar los procesos, lo es precisamente el objetivo de las fabricas inteligentes. ">C</span></span><span lang="en"><span title="Actualmente la industria continua desarrollándose, buscando nuevas tecnologías para mejorar los procesos, lo es precisamente el objetivo de las fabricas inteligentes. ">urrently the industry continues to develop, seeking new technologies to improve processes, it is precisely the goal of smart manufacturing.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span lang="en"><span title="Actualmente la industria continua desarrollándose, buscando nuevas tecnologías para mejorar los procesos, lo es precisamente el objetivo de las fabricas inteligentes. "><br clear="none" /></span><span style="font-size: large;" title="¿Por qué razón se esta invirtiendo tanto dinero en el desarrollo de fabricas inteligentes? ">Why organizations are investing so much money in the development of smart manufacturing?</span></span></h3>
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<span lang="en"><span title="La industria es la construcción y las fabricas inteligentes incrementan sustancialmente la eficiencia de los procesos, reducen los costos de producción y generan mejores servicios y productos."><br /></span></span><br />
<span lang="en"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span title="La industria es la construcción y las fabricas inteligentes incrementan sustancialmente la eficiencia de los procesos, reducen los costos de producción y generan mejores servicios y productos.">The industry is aware that smart manufacturing substantially increase the efficiency of processes, reduce production costs and generate better services and products. </span><span title="Sin ella las compañias no podran competir en el mercado real. ">Without it the companies will not be able to compete in the actual market.</span><span title="Pero las nuevas tecnologías siempre implican costos elevados de implementación y la incertidumbre de su funcionamiento, los riesgos que presentan para la industria y la evaluación de los escenarios peores. ">But new technologies always imply high implementation costs and the uncertainty of their operation, the risks they present to the industry and the evaluation of the worst scenarios.</span></span></span></span><br />
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<span lang="en"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;" title="Es por esta razon que el DOE tiene como objetivo impulsar la investigacion y el desarrollo de fabricas inteligentes, para reducir los costos de implementacion hasta un 50% en tecnologías como sensores avanzados, controles, plataformas y modelos ya la vez reducir los riesgos de implementacion.">It is for this reason that the DOE aims to boost the research and development of smart manufacturing, to reduce implementation costs by up to 50% in technologies such as advanced sensors, controls, platforms and models and at the same time reduce implementation risks. </span></span><br />
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<span lang="en"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;" title="La idea es que con la implementación de la fabricación inteligente los negocios reducecan los costos de consumir menos energías y una vez hacer el proceso más eficiente para elevar la producción. ">The idea is with the implementation of intelligent manufacturing businesses reduce the costs of consuming less energy and at the same time make the process more efficient to raise the production.</span></span><br />
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<span lang="en"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">The a<span title="Los actores que toman el papel en la investigación y el desarrollo de los institutos NNMI (Red Nacional para la Innovación de Manufactura) introducido por el gobierno de Obama, asi como consorcios y organizaciones que involucran universidades y empresas privadas. ">ctors involved in the research and development are the NNMI (National Network for Manufacturing Innovation) that were introduced by the Obama administration, as well as consortiums and organizations involving universities and private companies.</span></span></span></span><br />
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<span lang="en"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span title="Las investigaciones o los casos de estudio de estas instituciones se conocen como camas de prueba.">The Investigations or case studies of these institutions are known as test beds. </span><span title="El objetivo de ésos es reducir el riesgo que enfrentan las compañías al implantar los sistemas de fabricas inteligentes, reducir el costo de la inversión, proporcionar las metodologías para la reproducción y reducir el tiempo de la puesta en marcha del sistema inteligente. ">The aim of those is to mitigate short and long term investment risks, improve paybacks, provide methodologies for replication, and shorten development times for the adoption of Smart Manufacturing systems.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span lang="en"><span title="El objetivo de ésos es reducir el riesgo que enfrentan las compañías al implantar los sistemas de fabricas inteligentes, reducir el costo de la inversión, proporcionar las metodologías para la reproducción y reducir el tiempo de la puesta en marcha del sistema inteligente. "><br clear="none" /></span><span style="font-size: large;" title="Organizaciones para la investigación y el desarrollo de las fábricas inteligentes, IIoT e plataforma 4.0 ">Organizations for research and development of smart manufacturing, IIoT and Platform 4.0</span></span></h3>
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<span lang="en"><span title="Una de las organizaciones que reciben fondos del DOE es la SMLC (Smart Manufacturing Leadership Coalition) conformada por varias universidades entre ella el MIT y por más de 23 empresas de automatización, tecnología y software. "><br /></span></span></div>
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<span lang="en"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;" title="Una de las organizaciones que reciben fondos del DOE es la SMLC (Smart Manufacturing Leadership Coalition) conformada por varias universidades entre ella el MIT y por más de 23 empresas de automatización, tecnología y software. ">One of the organizations that receive DOE funding is the SMLC (Smart Manufacturing Leadership Coalition) made up of several universities including MIT and more than 23 automation, technology and software companies.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="en"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;" title="Una de las organizaciones que reciben fondos del DOE es la SMLC (Smart Manufacturing Leadership Coalition) conformada por varias universidades entre ella el MIT y por más de 23 empresas de automatización, tecnología y software. "></span><span title="Thomas F. Edgar Ph.D., Director del Instituto de Energía de Austin de la Universidad de Texas y cofundador de SMLC, durante un webcast titulado Smart Manufacturing, IIoT, industry 4.0 http://www.plantengineering.com/index.php"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span lang="en"><span title="Thomas F. Edgar Ph.D., Director del Instituto de Energía de Austin de la Universidad de Texas y cofundador de SMLC, durante un webcast titulado Smart Manufacturing, IIoT, industry 4.0 http://www.plantengineering.com/index.php"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Thomas F. Edgar Ph.D., Director of the University of Texas Austin Energy Institute and co-founder of SMLC, </span><a href="http://www.plantengineering.com/index.php?id=14925" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">during a webcast entitled "Smart Manufacturing, IIoT, industry 4.0"</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;" title="Id = 14925, indica que los temas tratados por las camas de prueba por parte de SMLC hijo: ">, indicates that the topics driving their test beds are:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;" title="Cadena de suministro conectada: Agil, impulsada por la demanda, materia prima al producto terminado. ">Connected supply chain: Agile, driven by demand, raw material to finished product.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;" title="Eficiencia Energética: Bajas emisiones, menor consumo de energía y fabricación ecológica. ">Energy Efficiency: Low emissions, lower energy consumption and environmentally friendly manufacturing.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;" title="Producción segura: Mejora la seguridad, menos accidentes, más fácil de usar. ">Safe production: Improves safety, less accidents, easier to use.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;" title="Producción sostenible: productos de mayor valor, datos para la toma de decisiones, gestión del ciclo de vida del producto ">Sustainable production: higher value products, data for decision making, product life cycle management</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;" title="Optimización: Utilidad de activos / tiempo de inactividad cero, calidad / cero defectos, resultados fiables. ">Optimization: Asset utility / zero downtime, quality / zero defects, reliable results.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnfC-upeWF0O5QMqQVxGvtkUG_S2rRk_NVsrazlPI0zU08H_YrLIdA7-lEQ1d2ZrNThHKeX0ugs2stG08vtK5kFKh9tLMV0kTxBvWIK8lyyqTFXdMrz3V0VftIuhfPzxBfFwvceCiDjv66/s1600/Smart+manufacturing.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="536" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnfC-upeWF0O5QMqQVxGvtkUG_S2rRk_NVsrazlPI0zU08H_YrLIdA7-lEQ1d2ZrNThHKeX0ugs2stG08vtK5kFKh9tLMV0kTxBvWIK8lyyqTFXdMrz3V0VftIuhfPzxBfFwvceCiDjv66/s640/Smart+manufacturing.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Smart Manufacturing Network</td></tr>
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<span lang="en"><span title="Insertar imagen "><span id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="Aqui encontrara mas informacion sobre los test beds que se estan trabajando actualmente SMLC https://www.smartmanufacturingcoalition.org/testbeds-projects-awards/testbeds
"><a href="https://www.smartmanufacturingcoalition.org/testbeds-projects-awards/testbeds" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Here you will find more information on the test beds that are currently working SMLC</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span lang="en"><span title="Insertar imagen "><span lang="en"><span title="Aqui encontrara mas informacion sobre los test beds que se estan trabajando actualmente SMLC https://www.smartmanufacturingcoalition.org/testbeds-projects-awards/testbeds
"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;" title="Tambien existen otras organizaciones con la misma finalidad que reciben fondos de otras instituciones, tal es el caso del IIC y el plataform Industry 4.0.
">There are also other organizations with the same purpose that receive funding from other institutions, such as the IIC and the Platform Industry 4.0.</span></span></span></span><br />
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<span lang="en"><span title="Insertar imagen "><span lang="en"><span title="El IIC esta conformado por 250 miembros en 30 paises diferentes, y sus test beds involucran los siguientes 15 temas:http://www.iiconsortium.org/test-beds.htm
"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The IIC is made up of 250 members in 30 different countries, and </span><a href="http://www.iiconsortium.org/wc-testbeds.htm" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">its test beds involve the following 15 topics</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">: </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span title="Asset efficiency, condition monitoring, edge intelligence, factory automation platform as a service, factory operations visibility and intelligence, high speed network, Industrial digital thread, intelligent urban water supply, microgrid, smart energy management, smart factory web, smart manufacturing connectivity, smart">Asset efficiency, condition monitoring, edge intelligence, factory automation platform as a service, factory operations visibility and intelligence, high speed network, industrial digital thread, intelligent urban water supply, microgrid, smart energy management, smart factory web, smart manufacturing connectivity, smart </span><span title="water management, time-sensitive networks (an emerging IEE Ethernet standard), and track and trace
">Water management, time-sensitive networks (an emerging IEE Ethernet standard), and track and trace.</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span><br />
<span lang="en"><span title="Insertar imagen "><span lang="en"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span title="La plataforma Industry 4.0 se esta desarrollando en mas de 500 sitios alrededor de Alemania, involucrando gobierno, universidades y companies privadas.">The Industry 4.0 platform is being developed in more than 500 sites around Germany, involving government, universities and private companies. </span><span title="Dentro de los temas que involucran los test beds que estan trabajandp se encuentran: Digital engineering, digital factory, model factory, industrial IT security, logistics, robotics, smart data innovation, smart automation and virtual engineering.">Among <a href="http://www.plattform-i40.de/I40/Navigation/EN/InPractice/Testbeds/testbeds.html;jsessionid=9B216C8F18465CEB21A216448E486D16" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">the topics that involve the test beds that are working are</span></a>: digital engineering, digital factory, model factory, industrial IT security, logistics, robotics, smart data innovation, smart automation and virtual engineering. </span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span><br />
<span lang="en"><span title="Insertar imagen "><span lang="en"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span title="Como vemos, la investigacion y desarrollo del smart manufacturing, internet of things and platform industry 4.0 estan teniendo un gran impulso por parte de gobiernos, universidades y companies privadas, estas investigaciones son clave para mejorar y demostrar los beneficios que tienen estas tecnologias y facilitar su">As we see, the research and development of smart manufacturing, industrial internet of things and platform industry 4.0 are having a great impulse on the part of governments, universities and private companies, these investigations are key to improve and demonstrate the benefits that these technologies have and to facilitate their </span><span title="implementacion en la companies.
">Implementation in the companies.</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span lang="en"><span title="Insertar imagen "><span lang="en"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span title="Desde el punto de vista de generacion de empleo, algunos ven como un amenaza la introduccion de estas tecnologias en la industria por el reemplazo del trabajo humano por tecnologia, otros por otra parte otros indican que se generara mas empleo de mayor calidad pero que las personas">From the point of view of employment generation, some see as a threat the introduction of these technologies in the industry by the replacement of human work by technology, others on the other hand indicate that more jobs of higher quality will be generated but that people m</span><span title="deben especializarse para adaptarse a la nueva industria.
">ust specialize to adapt to the new industry.</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span><br />
<span lang="en"><span title="Insertar imagen "><span id="result_box" lang="en"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;" title="Que piensa usted al respecto la inversion que se esta dando en la investigacion y desarollo del smart manufacturing?
"><em>What do you think about the investment that is taking place in the research and development of smart manufacturing?</em></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><em></em></span></span><br />
<span lang="en"><span title="Insertar imagen "><span lang="en"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;" title="Que piensa del impacto que tendran estas tecnologias en el mundo?
"><em>What do you think about the impact these technologies will have on the world?</em></span></span></span></span><br />
<span lang="en"><span title="Insertar imagen "><span lang="en" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><em></em></span></span></span></span><br />
<span lang="en"><span title="Insertar imagen "><span lang="en"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;" title="Cree usted que la implementacion de estas tecnologias reduciran o aumentaran el empleo?"><em>Do you think that the implementation of these technologies will reduce or increase employment?</em></span></span></span></span></div>
J. A.http://www.blogger.com/profile/10160305872899761692noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462666723589855043.post-43727261073707731792017-03-08T12:57:00.003-08:002017-03-10T17:56:52.804-08:00How to implement the IIoT in my industry?<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Some companies want to implement the
Industrial Internet of Things systems but they don’t know how to do it, the
purpose of this article is to give a brief description of a framework that could
make easier the task of implementing IIoT systems. This industrial architecture framework was developed by the Industrial Internet Consortium in the article <a href="http://www.iiconsortium.org/news/articles-publications.htm" target="_blank">IIRA</a>.</span><br />
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<br />
<h3 style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">ISO /
IEEE / IEEE 42010: 2011 standard as a reference for the construction of the
IIoT framework</span></h3>
<h3 style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></h3>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">In order to implement the IIoT we need to
establish a framework that facilitates the implementation of this complex task.
In order to define this framework, it is recommended to use the ISO / IEC /
IEEE 42010: 2011 standard. This system facilitates the evaluation of the IIoT
system and the effective resolution of the concerns of individuals, teams or
organizations interested, known as "stakeholders".<br />
This framework is divided into the architecture frame and architecture
representations. In the architecture frame can find the pointviews, the model
kinds and the concerns. In the architecture representations we can find the
views and the models.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu5Heiejs2lEtjeZTccCUNl-1KX-PoeJhZH4WGNw_ThTf6KgRZhMLyRfjcg3sL2RRALvcxMh0Y_kL-QCpZHYPbmeYJ9FtugDINCdXgQZRjREJHuk4AsbzfiHJgJMWnHCb_vrIrdRyF2bTm/s1600/IIoT+%2528System+Architecture%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu5Heiejs2lEtjeZTccCUNl-1KX-PoeJhZH4WGNw_ThTf6KgRZhMLyRfjcg3sL2RRALvcxMh0Y_kL-QCpZHYPbmeYJ9FtugDINCdXgQZRjREJHuk4AsbzfiHJgJMWnHCb_vrIrdRyF2bTm/s400/IIoT+%2528System+Architecture%2529.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010:2011 Framework</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman";">
</span></span></div>
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">
</span><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">A <strong>viewpoint </strong>contains the conventions that
frame the description and analysis of the specific concerns of the system. A
viewpoint may involve one or more concerns.</span></span></div>
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">
</span><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman";">
</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">The term <strong>concern</strong>, refers to any topic of
interest related to the system.</span></span></div>
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">
</span><div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman";">
</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">A <strong>stakeholder</strong>, as previously described, is
an individual, team, or organization that is interested in resolving a concern
by describing and analyzing it through viewpoints.</span></span></div>
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman";">
</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><strong>Model kinds</strong> help stakeholders describe,
analyze, and resolve concerns.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman";">
</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">The <strong>views</strong> are the ideas obtained when describing,
analyzing and solving the set of specific concerns in each of the viewpoints.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman";">
</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">The applications of the model kinds at each
point of view result in the creation of architecture models.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Framework
for the Industrial Internet</span></h3>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman";"><div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">First, we have to identify and analyze the most common concerns encountered in
IIoT systems for a specific industry and classified within the viewpoints along
with those stakeholders.<br />
Then describe and analyze each concern and when possible offer a guide how to
solve them, resulting in views and models.<br />
The Industrial Internet frameworks does not explicitly identify model kinds as
a key factor in building a framework.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBLGou17MFG6FPEH60B4KtGtOkluFobO0ziTgfiTl2lryHP7QLcIAQcfiRs_IszYsuhLotyQ3gGrbVz2eUvEq5Jh_ZJWgbGMq8t1JtCd90XXt2drBJnLKLCEqQTJD4nvDTc4aVHjKyh7hj/s1600/Industrial+Internet+Architecture+Framework.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBLGou17MFG6FPEH60B4KtGtOkluFobO0ziTgfiTl2lryHP7QLcIAQcfiRs_IszYsuhLotyQ3gGrbVz2eUvEq5Jh_ZJWgbGMq8t1JtCd90XXt2drBJnLKLCEqQTJD4nvDTc4aVHjKyh7hj/s400/Industrial+Internet+Architecture+Framework.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Industrial Internet Architecture Framework</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman";">
</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">The views can be used as a starting point
to build the system architecture, then through the feedback, improve the views
to be more extended, enriched and developed, improving the system architecture.<br />
In industry the viewpoints can be divided into: Business, Usage, Functional and
Implementation.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman";">
</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman";"><br /></span></div>
</span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaNPR79mxtH0_RrFnMk2Qp6p8orzcJ0rWzcukSG_3QD6ZYRs9OUyl9LGXc8dcb-jGSk8j9KZCeXhP2SnHQWqwKzusoFA1hkBc9fMRyhfjciUh9Dy3N4bCOZMhahPJkeX9XHh-tsQM5Qv_x/s1600/IIoT+Industry+Viewpoints.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaNPR79mxtH0_RrFnMk2Qp6p8orzcJ0rWzcukSG_3QD6ZYRs9OUyl9LGXc8dcb-jGSk8j9KZCeXhP2SnHQWqwKzusoFA1hkBc9fMRyhfjciUh9Dy3N4bCOZMhahPJkeX9XHh-tsQM5Qv_x/s400/IIoT+Industry+Viewpoints.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Industrial Viewpoints</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><h3 style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</h3>
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><h3 style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">The
business Viewpoint</span></h3>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman";"><div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman";">
</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">It focuses the concerns related from the
vision of the business and the main stakeholders are the decision makers of how
to run the company, the production administrators and the systems engineers.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
</span><h3 style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">The usage Viewpoint</span></h3>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman";"><div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
It is concerned with the activities and tasks that the personnel and the
control system must carry out in order to solve concerns from the viewpoint of
the business. The stakeholders are the system engineers, production managers,
and other individuals who may be involved in the IIoT system specification.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
</span><h3 style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">The functional Viewpoint</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></h3>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman";"><div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
It is concerned with the functional components of the IIoT system, its
structure, the interfaces and interactions between them and external elements,
to carry out activities and tasks defined from the usage viewpoint. Those
interested are the architects of the system and its components, developers and
integrators. A typical IIoT system can be decomposed into 5 functional
components or domains:<br />
• Control Domain: Represents the collection of functions performed by the
control system.<br />
• Operations Domain: Represents the collection of functions for the management,
monitoring and optimization of the control system.<br />
• Information Domain: Represents the collection of functions that collects data
from multiple domains, such as the control domain, and transform that data into
intelligent information.<br />
• Application Domain: Represents the collection of application logic functions
that perform specific business functions.<br />
• Business Domain: represents the business functions that act on the operations
of the IIoT system.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman";">
</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">In this way we see that the decisions or
viewpoints established on the basis of high level concerns determine the
requirements of the lowest level viewpoints. But low-level viewpoints such as
implementation validate or in some cases review and analyze the highest-level
viewpoints.<br />
However, there are several concerns that are shared in all the viewpoints and
not just one such as those mentioned above, such as security concerns, these
are called cross-cutting concerns and are related to the system
characteristics, that is, the properties and performance of the IIoT system
that result from its subsystems and the interactions with each other, the
context and the environment in which they operate.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
</span><h3 style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">The
Implementation Viewpoint</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></h3>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman";"><div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
It is concerned with the technologies required to implement the functional
components (functional viewpoint), their communication schemes and the life
cycle procedures. These components are coordinated by activities (usage
viewpoint) to achieve satisfying system capabilities (business viewpoint).
Those interested are the system architects and their components, developers,
integrators and system operators. The implementation of IIoT systems follow
certain architectural patterns such as:<br />
• Three levels architecture<br />
• Edge connectivity with gateways<br />
• Databus in layers<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
</span><h4 style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">The
architecture of three levels is formed by:</span></h4>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman";"><div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></b><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
• The edge level connects the sensors with a proximity network.<br />
• The platform level processes commands that come from the company level and
passes them to the edge level through the service network, also processes the
data that comes from the edge level through the access network.<br />
• The enterprise level participates in the decision making and provides
interfaces between the end users.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman";">
</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman";"><br /></span></div>
</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman";"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBlJoaPpfG6zNQndDf6yLx9LV_L4autQByZcszsBf-z6ABETzQUhcEbX0gOrth_Y6Fs6VWrpr51jbEsT-nhgeVYxq2vW24ptZ48KIv3Tuxz19xn6iyl0ajxfgbaHu_TTZzJzwlt2Kc70lM/s1600/IIoT+System+Architecture.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBlJoaPpfG6zNQndDf6yLx9LV_L4autQByZcszsBf-z6ABETzQUhcEbX0gOrth_Y6Fs6VWrpr51jbEsT-nhgeVYxq2vW24ptZ48KIv3Tuxz19xn6iyl0ajxfgbaHu_TTZzJzwlt2Kc70lM/s400/IIoT+System+Architecture.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Industrial Internet of Things Architecture</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">The Gateways</span></b><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> are a bridge between the control network or the edge and
the internet network. It provides an end point for the internet network by
isolating the control network.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Databus layers</b> provide low data
transmission delays, security, peer-to-peer communications, and are useful for
applications that handle interactions between field applications, such as
control, monitoring and analysis.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
</span><div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
</span><br />
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<br /></div>
J. A.http://www.blogger.com/profile/10160305872899761692noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462666723589855043.post-4630263754312924762017-03-07T15:38:00.000-08:002017-03-10T21:06:34.512-08:00Industrial Internet of Things and Security, What do you need to ensure?<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw5XPuZQCzPEGiwRamRGXs2r01SH1lxaIUPVSu_44bvbb5j5mQP3rIrQGMG10ojQRKz9qykRqvfsWCdoaqtrKzR0zPtMMTanmGBdRXiz_XuquAbZVYTRTuusKbadc-D8Y1tRYPmY3bJ2iP/s1600/IIoT+Cybersecurity.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw5XPuZQCzPEGiwRamRGXs2r01SH1lxaIUPVSu_44bvbb5j5mQP3rIrQGMG10ojQRKz9qykRqvfsWCdoaqtrKzR0zPtMMTanmGBdRXiz_XuquAbZVYTRTuusKbadc-D8Y1tRYPmY3bJ2iP/s400/IIoT+Cybersecurity.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Industrial Internet if Things and CyberSecurity</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Industrial Internet of Things is an open
access to data from one or more monitoring and control systems to third-party
applications to provide unique additional value to stakeholders. The main part
is connectivity, smart devices that communicate the sensed data, such as
vibration, level, pressure, flow, etc. These devices sometimes need to be
adapted so that the data is actually converted into valid information. This
information is then stored in large capacity systems such as the cloud, where
there must be an information search optimization that allows access to
information in real time and apply complex analysis to provide products and
services with a unique value for those interested.</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">One
of the major concerns of IIoT is about how secure the information is sent to
the cloud, how reliable it is, what protections or cyber security exists
against attacks</i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">.</i> </span><br />
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span><br />
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Recently I attended a webinar conducted by Plant Engineering called <a href="http://www.plantengineering.com/index.php?id=14925" target="_blank">Security for IIoT</a>. These are some of the things that I found interesting:</span><br />
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial;"><br /></span><br />
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">This is
where companies decide whether to continue to use local networks or use
external networks to handle data in the cloud.<br />
The processing of information in local industrial networks has the following
advantages:<br />
A low latency (sum of time delays within a network caused by delay in the
propagation and transmission of packets inside the network) very important for
applications where real-time response is required.<br />
Data privacy, being a local network, information is not exposed to external
networks. We can ask what information is needed to be manipulated only in the
local network and what information can be shared to be analyzed in the cloud.<br />
The processing of information in the cloud has the following advantages:<br />
Reduce the load on local networks, sending information that was originally
processed in the local network to be processed in the cloud frees the memory of
local servers making them more efficient.<br />
The cloud has the ability to provide deeper analysis of information by applying
the algorithms developed for IT networks.<br />
It can handle more information compared to local networks, not only to store
information, but also to optimize and organize it.<br />
It allows the scalability of these analyzes to other facilities, to be used for
decision-making or to provide better services.<br />
We can make a comparison of the processing in the control network or in the
cloud, like when you have money and you want to put it under the bed to “keep
it safe” or you can decide to put it in a bank where you can have easier access
to money and also keep it safe. Most cloud providers focus on information
security, investing significant amounts of money to improve security in
contrast to factories where data security is sometimes not the best. Hence the
question arises, where it is better to place my information, in the bank or
under the bed.<br />
Industries can opt to select which data they want to maintain on local networks
and which can be uploaded to the cloud to create hybrid systems by placing some
of the information in the local control network and some non-critical
information in the cloud.</span></div>
<br />
<h3 style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
Evolution
of cyber security</h3>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Control systems initially used serial communication, there were no control
networks. When operational networks (OTs) were started, it was established that
there was no direct or indirect Internet connection (IT) because security
issues. Then, the operational networks (OT) started using communication protocols
that are unfamiliar to cyberattacks. Later, smart devices connected to the
control networks through IP are becoming more popular, which generates more
access points to the network and more vulnerability. This is a security risk
that current systems are working on, as well as the cyber security improvements
of legacy and new systems.</span></div>
<br />
<h3 style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
What
do you need to insure?</h3>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">When talking about cyber security in Industry, the main focus of industry
owners is to be able to secure the various components of the red OT control
(hardware and software) that is most vulnerable to the IIoT embedded system. So
the focus should be on the PLCs, DCS, HMI, SCADA and sensors, especially with
the high growth sensors with IP connection that needs to be safe.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">The IT network should also definitely offer
high security standards, but the security of these systems is usually the focus
of the companies that deliver this service.<br />
The increase in IIoT devices generates a security cycle, new IIoT devices new
mechanisms for defense protection and new standards-based security
architectures and experience seeking simplicity to make more effective and new
methods to wrap and eliminate threats. Then, connect new IP devices and
continue the cycle.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Some are asking about security embedded in
the smart sensors, some sensors with this ability been developed but they have
not been very popular because of their cost and complexity.</span></div>
<br />
<h3 style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
Are
legacy systems secure?</h3>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">In reality, they are not, the security strategy of being isolated physically is
not the best, that makes them more vulnerable in the presence of an attack.
They do not have enough defense for attacks introduced by portable disks or by
wifi. These legacy systems were not made to withstand the attacks, they have a
poor ability to detect and combat them.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">What is the cyber security market offering
and what do people buy?<br />
The market offers services, software and hardware. Services lead the way in
procurement, these are based on assessments and audits, design, implementation,
training and security management.<br />
Second is the software, which provides encryption, security information, event
management and application software lists that are allowed to be present and
active in the system.<br />
In the third place we have the hardware, with the sale of firewalls, gateways,
routers, data-diodes and DPI (Deep packet inspection).</span></div>
<br />
<h3 style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
What
are the industries that are spending more money on cyber security?<br />
</h3>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">According with a analysis from IHS, The Oil & Gas industries, as well as the power generation, are those that
invest the most money in cyber security. You can check how are doing other industries <a href="https://technology.ihs.com/api/binary/577952" target="_blank">here.</a></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial";"><br /></span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">System security is definitely the biggest
concern companies have to implement the IIoT, it is hoped that better solutions
can be developed to make the industry feel much more comfortable with this new
industrial revolution.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></div>
J. A.http://www.blogger.com/profile/10160305872899761692noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462666723589855043.post-19223248505931974082017-03-07T15:21:00.000-08:002017-03-07T15:39:35.859-08:00Industrial Internet of Things possibilities<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSTYbwqet_d8h1aU7sq-GkqDWz078RYeMjjeaMtkoTDAeQjRJjDJHmWrMfo56RI9s4hlqtXfUp-MINhsmUX9QEVfVxi7Xh9S43Rm0UuyTN9KJIU5auWgxOQihLOnhsItj8ovP2HoA0MCjJ/s1600/industral+internet+of+the+things.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSTYbwqet_d8h1aU7sq-GkqDWz078RYeMjjeaMtkoTDAeQjRJjDJHmWrMfo56RI9s4hlqtXfUp-MINhsmUX9QEVfVxi7Xh9S43Rm0UuyTN9KJIU5auWgxOQihLOnhsItj8ovP2HoA0MCjJ/s400/industral+internet+of+the+things.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Industrial Internet of Things</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><em><br /></em></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><em>The Industrial Internet of Things allows
extensive use of data through quantitative analysis, statistics, predictive
models to manage decision-making and business actions. This analysis of the
information facilitates the decision making either by the specialized personnel
or automatic decisions that the system executes with the authorization of the
personnel.<br />
The ecosystem formed by the IIoT offers the following advantages in the
Industry:</em></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<br />
<br />
<h3 style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">IIoT
systems make it possible to improve equipment availability</span></h3>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">IIoT has significantly increased the availability of smart devices or
equipment. This increase in availability is due to algorithms that analyze
information from sensors. Here are some of the algorithms that improve
availability:</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><em>Equipment Protection Algorithms:</em></b><br />
IIoT systems have a high availability of equipment or devices, it is a good
choice for systems that require >> 99.999% availability. <br />
For example, It is important that safety devices trips when they should, but
sometimes unnecessary trips are triggered, which could be avoided with computer
protection algorithms.<br />
These algorithms increase the adaptability or flexibility of the equipment to
support different conditions in order to avoid false trips, allowing the
equipment to remain on for longer periods of time.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><em>Predictive
Monitoring Algorithm:</em></span></b><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
The predictive monitoring of the condition of the device in real time, allows
the predictive maintenance of the device or the equipment, increasing the
useful life. Unlike most of the corrective maintenance that is performed in the
industry once the equipment or device has failed, which can generate losses in
the process, with a predictive maintenance corrects the cause of the unsafe
condition before the fault happen, thus increasing the availability of the device
or equipment.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><em>Control Algorithm Adaptive:</em></b><br />
The algorithms of adaptive control that operate in real time modifies the
behavior or control of the device in response to changes in system dynamics and
disturbances. For example, device control parameters based on current operating
conditions, such as weather or material being processed, could be modified to
change the behavior of the device to the circumstances surrounding it.</span></div>
<h3 style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
Transmission of information without
intermediate servers</span></h3>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Some systems that use IIoT are based on an architecture without servers, where
all the information is sent, saved and analyzed in the cloud. This eliminates
the dependence of information processing by servers, avoiding drops of the
system due to lack of connection to the server. In addition, this architecture
without servers facilitates the redundancy of data communication.</span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjW2Kn6MYiejaBJxxiw3lPffj4G7rF7m-vIOS1lYFmV9Xu4Xj-67Lsw6VnheHiqiZlWa1RfMgbDuFjiiEUZoxrf4O4XLXR1QouTNHLp0AfJIQbH1ySG_zTF-rQERWHuB-XXUS-jj-XUTvQw/s1600/Industrial+Internet+of+Things.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjW2Kn6MYiejaBJxxiw3lPffj4G7rF7m-vIOS1lYFmV9Xu4Xj-67Lsw6VnheHiqiZlWa1RfMgbDuFjiiEUZoxrf4O4XLXR1QouTNHLp0AfJIQbH1ySG_zTF-rQERWHuB-XXUS-jj-XUTvQw/s400/Industrial+Internet+of+Things.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Information saved and analyzed in the Cloud</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial";"><br /></span></div>
<h3 style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">IIoT
systems make it possible to improve the equipment utilization</span></h3>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">The statistics show that in the industry there are many equipment with very
little use because the operators do not know its scope. Many devices are not
used effectively, operators waste time trying to properly configure a computer
or configure it at inappropriate times of day interrupting the process.<br />
The predictive algorithms improves the output of equipment products, identify
operational problems, eliminate poor machine operation, improve operator
performance, and perform fault-prevention analysis. All this allows to produce
more with better quality and less equipment.</span></div>
<h3 style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
IIoT systems ensure real-time response</span></h3>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">IIOT systems can have a response rate of less than <100us, even in the case
of high-load systems, complex data types or many information flows, IIoT
systems have the ability to manage information in real time. The real-time
response is achieved through peer-to-peer communications where information is
transferred directly without intermediate servers, multicast communications
where the information transfer can be one to many or many to many, this way the
information is sent simultaneously to various destinations or groups, and
optimizing the data path.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<br />
<h3 style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">IIoT
systems can manage complex data flows</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></h3>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">The information management domain allows the required information to be found
and sent to the required location in the required time, through selective filtering
of the data centered transmission.<br />
Unlike object-centered data transmissions, where data is encapsulated and
methods are exposed, it is widely used by programmers since the data varies
more than methods by allowing methods to act on the data; In IIoT systems,
communication is data centered, where it is necessary to expose the data and
encapsulate the methods by means of an explicit model of data exchange, where
the interface is the data, the infrastructure understands the data and the
system manages the data and establishes the rules of how the applications
exchange the data.<br />
This data-centricity information transfer enables interoperability, can be read
and written from any operating system or language, facilitates data redundancy,
sorting, filtering and security.</span></div>
</div>
J. A.http://www.blogger.com/profile/10160305872899761692noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462666723589855043.post-9959229827254350492017-03-07T15:05:00.000-08:002017-03-07T15:39:35.865-08:00Industrial Internet of Things, Operations Technology (OT) combined with Information Technology (IT)<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq-5EMzxy-SFA06FaIAlSWg1NLEPJImCfHXZUG-OM-GeEbWK07CkV_BEwnbWhbhAvWTzjxzUIuWodtR1PnjRPorEzEgchD-XBTNUN3_C14z_iMRWGxwoQAuUAFeh2ueQ6fgonx0mbk7nDY/s1600/IIoT.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq-5EMzxy-SFA06FaIAlSWg1NLEPJImCfHXZUG-OM-GeEbWK07CkV_BEwnbWhbhAvWTzjxzUIuWodtR1PnjRPorEzEgchD-XBTNUN3_C14z_iMRWGxwoQAuUAFeh2ueQ6fgonx0mbk7nDY/s400/IIoT.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><em><br /></em></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><em>The first industrial era started with the
invention of the vapor machine that took important part of the industrial
revolution allowing the movement of pumps, trains, marine engines, etc. The second era began with the discovery of electricity and other
sources of energy. The third era corresponds to the use of computers in the
industry. The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is considered as the fourth industrialization era.</em></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">We could imagine the results of connecting
business models, the millions of devices that exist in factories, power plants,
cars and even health care systems and at the same time relate them to the
services or products offered to customers. These systems interconnections
create an ecosystem that would drastically change business and industry models,
improving processes, providing better products linked to better services, and
creating solutions that can improve people's lives. The utility of the devices
would increase considerably, creating smart devices that do not fail or that
are repaired before the failure occurs.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">All this would change the way we produce
and consume and live, not only brings advantages to business and economic, also
it offers advantages to the human being providing a better quality of products
and services. This interconnectivity of systems can be achieved through IIoT.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">The IIoT is a network of intelligent
devices used in industry and business, containing embedded systems capable of
sensing, communicating and interacting with other systems through the internet.
These intelligent devices produce a large amount of information that is analyzed
by specialized systems and through applications generate solutions capable to
improve business models, industry, and products and services provided. Many
industries are currently being transformed by the use of IIoT, industries that
have a great impact on our lives, such as transportation, energy, aviation and
health services.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">In industry, the smart device network is
usually connected to a local control system, this system receives the data and
makes decisions based on the business requirements that were previously
notified to the plant operators in order to comply with the production
requirements. This device network and control system is known as the OT
(<strong>Operation Technology</strong>). This domain directly controls the physical processes
without trying to create symbols or models to be processed by the machines. The
communication between sensors, controllers and actuators is data centered,
exposing the data and encapsulating the methods.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">On the other hand, we have internet
networks, which are based on IT (<strong>Information Technology</strong>) domains, whose
communication is reduced to bits representing ideas or methods in the head of
the programmer that are transformed somehow to have a utility. This type of
communication is object oriented, where it encapsulates the data and exposes
the method, creating a problem since these objects pass through the controller
and do not have a sense to the machine. However, because IT domains are used in
networks with large systems, with large information flow, they have been able
to develop algorithms for the optimization, ordering and analysis of
information.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">The IIoT combines the best of both domains,
allowing a direct data communication from the sensors of the physical systems,
a communication centered in data (OT) but also allows the efficient management
of the information by algorithms capable of ordering the information, analyze
it for valuable information and optimize information searches to be shared with
other systems for decision making. In addition, the IIoT is looking for other
concepts developed by IT such as machine learning, which is a type of
artificial intelligence (AI) that provides computers with the ability to learn
without being explicitly programs as they gather more information.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Due to the large amount of information
acquired by smart devices, a tendency has been developed to store and analyze
information through cloud services. There are many companies in charge of
providing storage and analysis of information in the cloud.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Of course, the incorporation of IT concepts
into the OT domain creates a certain susceptibility to the problems IT faces,
such as network attacks. Safety is one of the most discussed issues regarding
the implementation of IIoT to industrial control systems as it could give theft
of confidential information or sabotage in industrial processes that could
cause even fatal accidents. That’s why many companies are inverting millions of
dollars trying to improve the security of these systems.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">The IIoT will change the way business is
handled, industrial processes and in general the way we live, we are facing a
new era of industrialization, a concept of systems integration whose purpose is
to offer us better services and intelligent information.</span></div>
</div>
J. A.http://www.blogger.com/profile/10160305872899761692noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462666723589855043.post-28271480856139054182017-02-27T12:34:00.001-08:002017-02-27T12:36:30.828-08:00Foundation Fieldbus Communication Protocol<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrt8AmYaglSIl6kUfxs9gZ0kBtTZya6AsbH8LGhEOuwdoK8oVTUXOxQ6uMlztM3glHKOqyihV6nt578pg4a6bJkEkiAJCkp1JQk2ZdCkZs4DM1oF2ZHc6e5ii2Lqd970Zoc-_k2MFtuWNx/s1600/Foundation+Fieldbus.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrt8AmYaglSIl6kUfxs9gZ0kBtTZya6AsbH8LGhEOuwdoK8oVTUXOxQ6uMlztM3glHKOqyihV6nt578pg4a6bJkEkiAJCkp1JQk2ZdCkZs4DM1oF2ZHc6e5ii2Lqd970Zoc-_k2MFtuWNx/s320/Foundation+Fieldbus.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
Foundation Fieldbus is a digital signal with two way connection. This communication protocol allows to connect different field devices on one single Foundation Fieldbus Network.<br />
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The FF communications has three layers:<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
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<h3>
The Physical Layer</h3>
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This layer is the FF Network and consists in the physical two wire connection for the power and data. Its function is to connect the devices to the communication stack. The Foundation Fieldbus Network segment can be a H1 with 31.25 Kbits/sec or FF HSE(High Speed Ethernet) with 100Mbits/sec or faster. There are three different topologies of FF networks: Point to point, tree and branch.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNFJzE4JDC93Z9_-zycMEEg2h8NLYHCxAf-Ht5t1_rBXSwk01L5OhlPsI0qoicWbrp0vqvHoTkyMVJPrRJEDt2qCIjfhiRVErE6iQm_YcbCICVWUENpVJD-Z2yKLmoShVzpB_IuH9Kfof4/s1600/Types+of+Faundation+Fieldbus+networks.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNFJzE4JDC93Z9_-zycMEEg2h8NLYHCxAf-Ht5t1_rBXSwk01L5OhlPsI0qoicWbrp0vqvHoTkyMVJPrRJEDt2qCIjfhiRVErE6iQm_YcbCICVWUENpVJD-Z2yKLmoShVzpB_IuH9Kfof4/s1600/Types+of+Faundation+Fieldbus+networks.png" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Foundation Fieldbus Network Topologies</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br />
<h3>
Communications Stack</h3>
<br />
The communication stack manage the communication in the Foundation Fieldbus network, for example, it receives input messages, holds a queue of output messages, schedule the transmission of these messages.<br />
<br />
<h3>
User Layer</h3>
<br />
The user layer is represented by functions blocks that allow the configuration of the devices that can be used for monitoring and control. The resource function block give us information about the transmitter and its capabilities. The transducer block is the interface between the sensor and the other function blocks of the transmitter. The are many different types of function blocks,for example, analog input, analog output, PID, characterizer, selector, integrator, etc.<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3>
Lets talk about the Foundation Fieldbus advantages:</h3>
<br />
The FF communication protocol reduces the wiring costs because you can connect multiple devices in the same FF segment.<br />
<br />
The FF communication protocol has the functionality to control devices from the field, that means the control resides in the Foundation Fieldbus devices. These controls can also be implemented on the FF segment, increasing the control speed and the efficiency of the control.<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3>
Foundation Fieldbus segment</h3>
A FF segment consists of a a trunk and several spurs connected to the trunk. A segment can support until 16 bus powered devices or 32 individual powered devices. The maximum length of the FF segment trunk is 1900m but you can connect FF repeaters to increase this length.<br />
The length of the spur changes according with the number of the spurs. One spur has a maximum length of 120m, two spurs 90m , three spurts 60m and four spurts have 30m.<br />
The Fieldbus Foundation segment uses a Link Active Scheduler (LAS) to organize the communication in a segment with multiple devices. The LAS can reside in one of the devices connected on the segment. Also, we can program the segment to have a backup LAS, so in case that the primary LAS fail, then de backup LAS takes over avoiding loss of communication.<br />
This bring another advantage that the Foundation Fieldbus protocol has over the 4-20mA, it is more secure and robust, because the control resides in the devices and the LAS backup keeps communication for the H1 segment, so in case of loss of communication, the devices still controlling.<br />
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<br />J. A.http://www.blogger.com/profile/10160305872899761692noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462666723589855043.post-34018468962743430072017-02-20T20:50:00.000-08:002017-03-16T10:15:47.290-07:00Traditional 4-20mA and HART communication protocol principles. HART field communicator and device description file<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB9Iuwa1kj1_wub0fJRkraHFlhj7uvzoc9IIYB0Ac5yfHAnsWb9RvERQ31DsMTpdxcJd8y2wgduwj0tLiZfkYndode6FLZZbp327kFDzJtoKOcTJcSLUcjPXOld7NMqHw4XXkaFhe8HMe6/s1600/HART+device.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB9Iuwa1kj1_wub0fJRkraHFlhj7uvzoc9IIYB0Ac5yfHAnsWb9RvERQ31DsMTpdxcJd8y2wgduwj0tLiZfkYndode6FLZZbp327kFDzJtoKOcTJcSLUcjPXOld7NMqHw4XXkaFhe8HMe6/s320/HART+device.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em><br /></em></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em><br /></em></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>There
are different industrial communication protocols, the traditional 4-20 mA,
HART, Fieldbus, Profibus. </em></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>HART is one of the most popular communication protocols
because its low cost and the reliability.</em></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em></em></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial";">To read this article in Spanish, please visit: </span><span style="font-family: "arial";"><a href="http://www.guiaautomatizacionindustrial.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">www.guiaautomatizacionindustrial.blogspot.com</a></span><br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
<h2>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Traditional 4 -20mA control signal </span></h2>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">The
traditional 4-20mA control signal is the most used analog signal in the
industry, because its low cost in comparison with other communication protocols,
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">the reliability and is easy to
install. The range 4 -20mA represents the 0-100% of the range transmitted.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">To detect a device failure, this analog signal uses the saturation values, depending of the saturation value configured on the transmitter that could be high (above 20 mA) or low (below 4mA).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">This analog communication uses the 4mA as its lower value because this is enough current to calibrate a transmitter when the process variable is zero. </span></div>
<br />
<h3 style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Why use
the current signal instead the voltage signal?</span></h3>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">The
answer is simple, if we have a long distance wiring, the voltage signal
presents loss of voltage, while the current signal keeps constant the current
through the cable.</span></div>
<br />
<h3 style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">What
can we do if the device in the field is dived by voltage and we have a current 4
to 20 mA control signal?</span></h3>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">This
is not a common scenario, but with a simple circuit we can do the conversion
from current to voltage:</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnNGkFNXlXDrfiLodp-KDZ_w_5Ejx9Czg1LROBXMLby_vC8BWgwUbyTLMBrZFTnpFNyoZT0aqUhyphenhyphenpFh_jnBTDQopgTxUcZYN6bHMDu-D6c8tu4rXlRbVTMJkqYICdkQUBbb356cnHsn0t8/s1600/Circuit+to+connect+voltaje+controlled+device+to+a+current+supply.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="108" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnNGkFNXlXDrfiLodp-KDZ_w_5Ejx9Czg1LROBXMLby_vC8BWgwUbyTLMBrZFTnpFNyoZT0aqUhyphenhyphenpFh_jnBTDQopgTxUcZYN6bHMDu-D6c8tu4rXlRbVTMJkqYICdkQUBbb356cnHsn0t8/s200/Circuit+to+connect+voltaje+controlled+device+to+a+current+supply.png" width="200" /></a></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">But
the 4-20 mA signal has a disadvantage respect the other industrial
communication protocols, it doesn’t give the status (diagnostics) of the
device. That why the HART communication starts taking popularity, because
combines the advantages of the signal 4-20 mA but also provides the digital
signal with the status of the device.</span></span><br />
<h2>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">HART Communication Protocol</span></h2>
</div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">The
HART signal combines the reliability of the 4 -20 mA signal and give access to
the configuration and diagnostic of the field device through a digital signal overlapping
on the analog signal. The digital signal generates a “0” or “1” depending if
the signal frequency is 2200 Hz or 1100 Hz respectively as shows in the following picture:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAkK5eLU18o7KoiIfjVydvSUNs_ecwAMxmxF5ETeH0Hlr8BSKxWj8lxLDDbW8gPPqNI-TRF3VUkbfPqVQ7eWgov7cy3F-qtfBvZ7zfeowZmuizHk7E3pZlDm1lhc84mxdGUZwHu3i3VRjK/s1600/HART+signal+frequency+and+amplitude.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="125" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAkK5eLU18o7KoiIfjVydvSUNs_ecwAMxmxF5ETeH0Hlr8BSKxWj8lxLDDbW8gPPqNI-TRF3VUkbfPqVQ7eWgov7cy3F-qtfBvZ7zfeowZmuizHk7E3pZlDm1lhc84mxdGUZwHu3i3VRjK/s400/HART+signal+frequency+and+amplitude.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">HART signal, frequency and amplitude</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">The HART communication loop requires a minimum resistance of 250Ω to recognize the signal by the control system or the HART communicator.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The HART device converts the analog signal coming from the transducer to a digital signal, this is done by the A/D converter. The A/D converter takes samples of the analog signals and convert each sample to the closest digital value. there are two factors that can affect the conversion of the signal. The first factor is the <b>rate of sample</b>, meaning the number of times per second that the converter sampled the analog signal. The second factor is the <b>sample precision</b>, this is the smallest change on the analog signal that can be detected by the A/D converter.</span>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Then the sampled digital signal is passed to a signal processor to get a more accurate value. The signal processor also generates the HART digital signal that overlays the analog output signal. The sampled signal is passed to a D/A converter (Digital to Analog converter). This D/A converter produces an analog signal based on the sampled signals.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The
control systems could continue using the analog 4 -20 mA for control, because
its reliability, and the digital signal is mostly used to generate alerts about
the status of the device, calibration and configuration. It is not recommended
to use the digital signal to control valves, pumps, motors, etc. When there is
a multivariable device, it is recommended to configure the signal that is going
to be used for the control as the primary process value with analog
communication 4 – 20 mA, this configuration can be made on the device. The rest
of the signals could be received by HART communication.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span>
<br />
<div style="border-image: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">The
configuration or calibration can be made by programs installed on the
workstations of the control network, these programs allow the communication between
the HART device and the system. Also, you can use a <strong>HART handheld or
HART field communicator</strong> to calibrate or configure the device.</span>
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">You can connect the HART communicators anywhere in the loop, the only requirement is the minimum resistance of </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">250Ω in parallel to the communicator.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div style="border-image: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">
</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">There
are a lot if HART device manufactures around the world, to allow the
communication of the HART device to the control system or HART field communicator, it is
required a “driver” of the HART device known as “device description file”. If the
control system doesn’t have installed this device description file, it can still
communicate with the device, but is going to receive just the analog 4 – 20 mA signal and the
digital signal will be lost. Also, the control system, like a PLC, DCS must have an IO HART card in order to receive the HART <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">signal from the field device.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Devices from the same manufacture and same device type and revision, only require one installation of the device descriptor file, if the revision change, then you will need a new device descriptor file. The manufacturers provide this files in their websites, it is recommendable to download this file from a trusted source to avoid malware.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The HART transmitters could be 2 wire or 4 wire connection. When the connection is 2 wire, the transmitter is powered by the I/O card. When the connection is 4 wire, the transmitter is powered by an external power supply.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">These are just a few examples of the functionalities we could have from HART devices:</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The HART transmitters could have more than one variable, for example, a flow transmitter can send not just the flow, it also transmits the density and the temperature of the fluid. So you can configure the device to send the signals you are interested and reference the correct signal on the control system.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The HART control valves with positioner, not only receive the 4 to 20mA to open or close the valve, the positioner also transmit the feedback or the actual position of the valve.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">The safety shutoff valves in normal conditions are valves that you don't have to move unless a safety trip occurs. In order to avoid the valve gets stuck due the lack of use, you can configure periodic partial stroke tests. The HART communication of the valve allows you to execute the partial stroke test, defining the percentage that you want to move the valve without representing a danger to the process and the time the valve will stay in this percentage before it comes back to the original position.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The HART transmitters generates alerts about the conditions of the transmitter, for example, we have temperature transmitter with dual sensor, if the primary sensor fails, the secondary sensor or the hot backup sensor takes place, and the transmitter send you an alert about the primary sensor failure.</span></span></span><br />
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J. A.http://www.blogger.com/profile/10160305872899761692noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462666723589855043.post-57947547762481584662017-02-20T19:21:00.000-08:002017-02-23T07:29:37.718-08:00Distillation Column Control Design<br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>The
distillation column takes advantage of a separation process that converts a
mixture of substances into two or more distinct products mixtures (fractions)</em></span></div>
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</em></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>In general, the
separation process is based on differences in chemical properties or physical
properties between the constituents of a mixture.</em></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>In the distillation column the separation process is based on the different boiling
points of the mixtures.</i></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPqJ8PBCWDfYx1lAS_PSgryNdFjLDBijdCXVZEvhO2Wxg2LaOFWEfR4ZLG4y70kCalCb3uKpiMVVCeF1K-KX8EWnA2QxHuLNyzbqnbL-QXmdp4TlAag5zkeM7CK_cE6tHr04OWZOHGOf_-/s1600/Distillation+Column.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPqJ8PBCWDfYx1lAS_PSgryNdFjLDBijdCXVZEvhO2Wxg2LaOFWEfR4ZLG4y70kCalCb3uKpiMVVCeF1K-KX8EWnA2QxHuLNyzbqnbL-QXmdp4TlAag5zkeM7CK_cE6tHr04OWZOHGOf_-/s400/Distillation+Column.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; text-align: start;">To read this article in Spanish, please visit: </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; text-align: start;"><a href="http://www.guiaautomatizacionindustrial.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">www.guiaautomatizacionindustrial.blogspot.com</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Related concepts:</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Boiling point</b>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>When a liquid boils, its vapor pressure equals the surrounding pressure
and changes into vapor.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Vapor pressure:</b> Is the equilibrium of the pressure exerted
by molecules leaving and entering<u> </u>the liquid surface, at a given
temperature. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Relative volatility:</b> The measure of the differences
in volatility between components. Compares vapor pressures of
the components in a mixture. </span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Heat exchange:</b> this method transfers the heat from a
fluid to another fluid without having to mix together or having a direct
contact.</span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Separation by flashing</b>: Is the separation of fluids that uses
a flash drum under certain temperature and pressure.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Distillation:</b> The objective of this method is to
separate or purify the liquid, it consists on heating the liquid to vapor
(boiling point) and condensing the vapor back to liquid. This separation can be
done by the volatility differences between the components of the mixture. To
condense the vapor to liquid normally is used a series of trays, the liquid
from each tray reach the equilibrium with the vapor, then the vapor rises up to
the next tray and the liquid falls to the tray bellow it. The components of the
mixture with lower boiling point will exit at the top of the tower and the
components with the higher boiling point will fall to the bottoms.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The vapor
leaving the distillation tower is sent to a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">condenser</b> or heat exchanger, part of the liquid on the condenser
returns to the column as a reflux and the other part is the product or
distillate. The vapor is also a distillate product. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
<span style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">The <strong>reboiler</strong> is a heat
exchanger connected to the bottom of the tower, its function is to heat the
liquids leaving the tower and the vapor generated of this heating is send it
back to the tower. The rest of the liquid is a product called residue.</span></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvcXEq21O3omXIwsYGB-yWFKg_QaGgKxZI9xQOyRi4nugP6_55L0rTWmrDRrVMpyqWKYbqPfHMmw_jmF5Cel6b8UGFJ3aFdMgW3KwsXc58vKFH4SIPqElvI4dy2fjJXEczkfVG4Xqu-Biq/s1600/Tray_Distillation_Tower.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvcXEq21O3omXIwsYGB-yWFKg_QaGgKxZI9xQOyRi4nugP6_55L0rTWmrDRrVMpyqWKYbqPfHMmw_jmF5Cel6b8UGFJ3aFdMgW3KwsXc58vKFH4SIPqElvI4dy2fjJXEczkfVG4Xqu-Biq/s1600/Tray_Distillation_Tower.png" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Trays of distillation column</td></tr>
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<h2>
Distillation Column Control Design</h2>
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</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">The typical control
strategy for distillation column consists on the master level controller on the
tower that regulates the level of the product on the tray. This level controller
sends the output to the set point of the secondary flow controller that
regulates the fluid leaving the tower. If the level increases, then the flow
control opens the valve reducing the liquid on the tower in order to reduce the
level. </span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMXoZlHsR0keqGA_SUL3rfQDNx8Il6FYMb-oeZWrI1J6UhrT385N2YjBBKZCn76YjJyn-mVObMp90JyrVTASJL66Ni93d_fK_3NSzfcJXzfC05c3r0MsrRLEbCNfS0FqtF9nLgRkT4om8m/s1600/Basic+distillation+controller.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMXoZlHsR0keqGA_SUL3rfQDNx8Il6FYMb-oeZWrI1J6UhrT385N2YjBBKZCn76YjJyn-mVObMp90JyrVTASJL66Ni93d_fK_3NSzfcJXzfC05c3r0MsrRLEbCNfS0FqtF9nLgRkT4om8m/s1600/Basic+distillation+controller.png" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Basic Distillation column controller</td></tr>
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</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">But what happen
when the flow valve is completely open and the level continues increasing? This
scenario could happen. To avoid a high level, we can send the extra product to
storage tanks. To implement this solution, it is required another level controller
that sends the output as a set point to other slave controller in order to open
the valve to the storage tank and reduce the level in the tower. This level
controller is going to open the storage valve just above certain limit or set point.
We can add as many storage tanks we want and split the output.</span></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRngYCVZ0LyzNCgmQACFprd0sNnBq80q4cFPMjnD_jQrrpM6CqJfowEmYbAv87j_ghwWJZyh711Ju80iMxTL9IH9xaXpwmN5hXnOgc63cPtZE2MRo3e5IF5nacExeNkcR0N_P60HNnhQ-f/s1600/Distillation+tower+controller.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRngYCVZ0LyzNCgmQACFprd0sNnBq80q4cFPMjnD_jQrrpM6CqJfowEmYbAv87j_ghwWJZyh711Ju80iMxTL9IH9xaXpwmN5hXnOgc63cPtZE2MRo3e5IF5nacExeNkcR0N_P60HNnhQ-f/s400/Distillation+tower+controller.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Basic Distillation Column Controller with storage lines</td></tr>
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</span></span>J. A.http://www.blogger.com/profile/10160305872899761692noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462666723589855043.post-82833920276800906772017-02-14T13:01:00.000-08:002017-02-23T07:30:52.628-08:00Temperature control of an industrial furnace (Combustion control)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">T</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">o control the temperature of an industrial furnace that uses
hydrocarbon, it is necessary to do a combustion control to regulate the ratio
between air and fuel. </span></span></span>This air/fuel ratio improve the efficiency of the combustion on the
required temperature, meaning reduction of gas consumption.</em></span></div>
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<em><span style="font-family: "arial";"><br /></span></em></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">To read this article in Spanish, please visit: <a href="http://www.guiaautomatizacionindustrial.com/" target="_blank">www.guiaautomatizacionindustrial.com</a></span></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDpTsU7DjrkxgG-_hjkmBiB9v-d_4rS4mPvfhaK-CPZvMFS-VD046JqyIWemJ7UgqOjR0tZUf5Xg5xQTWAm80eDjUPblL2s8MG1kcB4lYfLReS8qH46UFGZCbjTtfNzYkCjiGDRWdL6tl3/s1600/LPG+furnace.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="388" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDpTsU7DjrkxgG-_hjkmBiB9v-d_4rS4mPvfhaK-CPZvMFS-VD046JqyIWemJ7UgqOjR0tZUf5Xg5xQTWAm80eDjUPblL2s8MG1kcB4lYfLReS8qH46UFGZCbjTtfNzYkCjiGDRWdL6tl3/s400/LPG+furnace.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Automatic temperature control of a Industrial LPG furnace</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Every year,
more and more industries improve their combustion control because it represents
reduction of production cost and improve the quality of their products.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Let me give you an example of this, we have a food plant that uses LP for the combustion, the average LP consumed by the furnace is 72,80 Lt/hr, and the
cost of the LP is $0.46 per liter, so in one day the cost of LPG
consumed by the furnace is approximately $803. The temperature of the furnace is regulated by the operators manually without any combustion control. It was noticed that sometimes the color of the flame was yellow, indicating a bad air/fuel ratio, deficiency of air (more gas in the mix). With a good combustion control we could expect reduce the gas consumption. When the operators were able to get a blue flame on the furnace, meaning a good combustion, the LP consumed
by the furnace was 64.41 Lt/hr, that means a daily cost of $711, almost $100
less per day, so in one month they could save about $3000 in gas consumption.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Another thing that makes companies improve the combustion
are the government environmental regulations, this forces industries to stay in
rule with the gas emission limits of the SO<sub>2</sub>, NO<sub>x</sub> and CO<sub>2.</sub>
These limits vary according with the country, so the recommendation is to check
what are the permissible limits in your place.</span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The characteristics of the furnace in discussion are the following:</span></span></b><br />
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<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Fuel: LPG.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">3 passes furnace.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Gas exhaust fan of 1 HP.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Air fan 5 HP.</span></li>
</span></span></b></ol>
<ol><b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;"></span></span></b></ol>
<ol><b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">
</span></span></b></ol>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 107%;">To implement the temperature control based on the combustion control, it is required to know what is the air/fuel ratio for the specific fuel that the combustion is using. Depending of the composition of the hydrocarbon, the ratio varies. I will show you the way to know this magic number:<span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></span>
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<h3>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 107%;">Calculating the Air/Gas ratio:</span></h3>
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The combustion of the hydrocarbons in the air, involves hundreds of chemical reactions, but for this case, we are going to consider the general reaction of a hydrocarbon type C<sub>m</sub>H<sub>m</sub>. Its stoichiometric reaction is:<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipnIjHns71YWyvxVOAigPkk9FrutlS6k0iEY1Og9xQmDDd1eSFbJIU2agVUvTlN2weH40HhxGK-L16gNn8p4n_-H_O8kmWzZgQ8a63MWSjz9Nyj6oAPcT_W8kF8hNYGTgw1pg8Cpo7HPvQ/s1600/Stoichiometric+reaction+of+the+hydrocarbons.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="43" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipnIjHns71YWyvxVOAigPkk9FrutlS6k0iEY1Og9xQmDDd1eSFbJIU2agVUvTlN2weH40HhxGK-L16gNn8p4n_-H_O8kmWzZgQ8a63MWSjz9Nyj6oAPcT_W8kF8hNYGTgw1pg8Cpo7HPvQ/s640/Stoichiometric+reaction+of+the+hydrocarbons.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Stoichiometric reaction of the hydrocarbons</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
In this case, the hydrocarbon is the LPG, that is mainly composed by 60% propane<span style="color: black;"> </span>(C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>) and 40% butane (C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>10</sub>). Each if these hydrocarbons have the following atomic mass:</div>
</div>
</span></span></h2>
<div style="line-height: 1.38; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Atomic mass of the propane:</span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEid2tLp2nlmc1gonSsN2LIytVRYtHPSgW3OFkW3WSiy_C7vmgZqbOvjpyWZZ-lb-KR9W2QeCEVRVVnLCB2vr-VQGX2d1vZB4F7y0cFddBrvAXMYHAgUlaRH5Qepl1JcuPNpxLr97trCu0Ys/s1600/Atomic+mass+of+the+propane.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="31" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEid2tLp2nlmc1gonSsN2LIytVRYtHPSgW3OFkW3WSiy_C7vmgZqbOvjpyWZZ-lb-KR9W2QeCEVRVVnLCB2vr-VQGX2d1vZB4F7y0cFddBrvAXMYHAgUlaRH5Qepl1JcuPNpxLr97trCu0Ys/s320/Atomic+mass+of+the+propane.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Atomic mass of the propane</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Atomic mass of the butane:</span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiSl4JoY3flwygvPbdZ7lg-rkKAObZc63tCobe8b0vDj9miWZuVRmtCWCwTY_JC0ZorHri9FWDelHWK25l0PzXuhh18e0KdiLnXF42_sv7o9mHxN9eyU0JfAiZHMIbgzIkFr7YYB2ufgdp/s1600/Atomic+mass+of+the+butane.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="27" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiSl4JoY3flwygvPbdZ7lg-rkKAObZc63tCobe8b0vDj9miWZuVRmtCWCwTY_JC0ZorHri9FWDelHWK25l0PzXuhh18e0KdiLnXF42_sv7o9mHxN9eyU0JfAiZHMIbgzIkFr7YYB2ufgdp/s320/Atomic+mass+of+the+butane.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Atomic mass of the butane</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The atomic mass of the propane 44 Kg/mol and the butane 58 Kg/mol. Adding both atomic masses we can get the atomic mass of the LPG, 102 Kg/mol. So, the proportions of propane and butane in the LPG are:</span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgmxgM0R33SLxlOS9xb5UyqQ4CeDekRFd2FlqpHUaYQxKxahwG-RHZBtHxHOZynKY_CcFhoK_B8BlHQER-_9hTTDXe_49q-SlkoiymRBnA-iAFjke3sKf-f8Mvnj5u385iTJc13TAypy53/s1600/Propane+and+Butane+proportions+of+LPG.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="207" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgmxgM0R33SLxlOS9xb5UyqQ4CeDekRFd2FlqpHUaYQxKxahwG-RHZBtHxHOZynKY_CcFhoK_B8BlHQER-_9hTTDXe_49q-SlkoiymRBnA-iAFjke3sKf-f8Mvnj5u385iTJc13TAypy53/s400/Propane+and+Butane+proportions+of+LPG.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Propane and butane proportions of LPG</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Knowing this proportions, we can proceed to calculate the LPG atomicity:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9tIZzmRkuOO_ZtOaQqf7oZHRhXBj5mG3QkWt3NVpk8L6XHwB5KDmLXYh_FHyX7ubkrjxitpeLKRR2K-WMo2LBmeZUIUSYq-fZmOui4gQ6olJBH6S5oVbF6d0dZytAcySRqLGvLRIvRSFJ/s1600/Atomicity+of+LPG.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="98" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9tIZzmRkuOO_ZtOaQqf7oZHRhXBj5mG3QkWt3NVpk8L6XHwB5KDmLXYh_FHyX7ubkrjxitpeLKRR2K-WMo2LBmeZUIUSYq-fZmOui4gQ6olJBH6S5oVbF6d0dZytAcySRqLGvLRIvRSFJ/s640/Atomicity+of+LPG.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Atomicity of LPG</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Replacing the LPG atomicity in the stoichiometric reaction:</span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDi0eXw_M8RYySRMpb4PXJPYM25NpnuMmgc5e1p-w7EF1CV_WEcbu8MDHFAP66XN8cocc_vC320BYVao-cUhEc5kjJTnh_QFWsjtG1sD4Gm5IIrW4u3B5_rdl_1Cq9zDXpTEPkxKzxLmVd/s1600/Stoichiometric+reaction+of+LPG.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="57" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDi0eXw_M8RYySRMpb4PXJPYM25NpnuMmgc5e1p-w7EF1CV_WEcbu8MDHFAP66XN8cocc_vC320BYVao-cUhEc5kjJTnh_QFWsjtG1sD4Gm5IIrW4u3B5_rdl_1Cq9zDXpTEPkxKzxLmVd/s640/Stoichiometric+reaction+of+LPG.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Stoichiometric reaction of LPG</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Form the left 2 terms of the reactions (hydrocarbon and air)
we can calculate the Air/LPG ratio:</span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9dz2iIroyk1bK6492Bgdx7Teev81pl26N6TlArfImWzpV0ZSDgpDTQZxlPYp_4AexcGYqaa8kVs5nOrPI3Dcy7gtVIQijxUPJ7p_taSPMG4Rw_xQoHKwkpNw3bddBjwED2usowA9R8vAC/s1600/Air_Fuel+Ratio+Calculation+for+LPG.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9dz2iIroyk1bK6492Bgdx7Teev81pl26N6TlArfImWzpV0ZSDgpDTQZxlPYp_4AexcGYqaa8kVs5nOrPI3Dcy7gtVIQijxUPJ7p_taSPMG4Rw_xQoHKwkpNw3bddBjwED2usowA9R8vAC/s1600/Air_Fuel+Ratio+Calculation+for+LPG.png" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Air/Fuel ratio calculation of LPG</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">To ensure a complete fuel combustion, normally 10% air excess is considered.</span></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Calculating the average temperature of the passes of the
furnace according to the flow on each pass.</span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2xwnLnXKFYLwpnp7AWeX4e4wbIuFUwDldQbscJfXg6puPY-A2tSWM-kKL-GTJ1U-wfB_1EKaua0inA_GrOSM-khUf4FWqjFHRkst-mKNQ2Bi0cJ_ps0y138nP02cy9_XucEGyAREevB8x/s1600/Industrial+furnace+with+3+passes%252C+shut+off+valve+and+pressure+regulator.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="504" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2xwnLnXKFYLwpnp7AWeX4e4wbIuFUwDldQbscJfXg6puPY-A2tSWM-kKL-GTJ1U-wfB_1EKaua0inA_GrOSM-khUf4FWqjFHRkst-mKNQ2Bi0cJ_ps0y138nP02cy9_XucEGyAREevB8x/s640/Industrial+furnace+with+3+passes%252C+shut+off+valve+and+pressure+regulator.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Industrial furnace with 3 passes, shut off valve and pressure regulators</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In this case, the furnace has 3 passes. Each pass has thermocouples to measure the temperature. Since the passes are not equal, their contribution to the temperature of the furnace is different, so it is important to consider the fuel flow on each pass to calculate the average temperature:</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEwGyZB-_gyDS9mQQCmvagM4iSfPnJv6yyUPX4YJcMzAZKr1Ca6VPEhc2v9z3sbkqx0WTizbv6xJJzJIk5HT9fveMeZF0TKcT19M9KGHGEoSQP04rufgVuJvfVk3FaGlMs-05JIs5TBOPK/s1600/average+temp.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEwGyZB-_gyDS9mQQCmvagM4iSfPnJv6yyUPX4YJcMzAZKr1Ca6VPEhc2v9z3sbkqx0WTizbv6xJJzJIk5HT9fveMeZF0TKcT19M9KGHGEoSQP04rufgVuJvfVk3FaGlMs-05JIs5TBOPK/s1600/average+temp.png" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Average temperature according to the flow</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The following picture shows the configuration of the passes of the furnace:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span><br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Now, that we know the air/fuel ratio of the LPG and the basic calculation of the average temperature, we are ready to implement the temperature control.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Implementing the temperature control based on the combustion control:</span></span></h3>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">To visualize the controller that we are going to implement, is good to have a sketch of the system:</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKTUBlasfEe-SU6AstCE50Jz29dUs7j4xgn2b-eYDkQaQDyy7eV9i5TWMbH1_Qge_YhJw4BxZq2A81l-IvztW4Y_vlwau5PBMwCRoykmFRKNYr2q1J50CutmgYRxUN_BMZruYbWbw-f4a_/s1600/Temperature+control+diagram+%2528Combustion+Control%2529+LPG+furnace.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="575" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKTUBlasfEe-SU6AstCE50Jz29dUs7j4xgn2b-eYDkQaQDyy7eV9i5TWMbH1_Qge_YhJw4BxZq2A81l-IvztW4Y_vlwau5PBMwCRoykmFRKNYr2q1J50CutmgYRxUN_BMZruYbWbw-f4a_/s640/Temperature+control+diagram+%2528Combustion+Control%2529+LPG+furnace.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<li style="display: inline !important; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">As we can see on the sketch, the control has the following devices for the temperature c<span style="font-weight: normal;">ontrol: </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">Temperature transmitter for each pass, f</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">low transmitters for each pass, the air and fuel and </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">DCS or PLC to configure the control.</span></span></li>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In the following sections, we are going to describe the configuration of each control logic.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></h3>
<h3>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Temperature control TIC-101</span></span></h3>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></b>
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</span></b>
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">This controller calculates the average temperature taking as
consideration the flow on each pass:</span></b><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu0WrQJVeVik57J5_VcmTAd2QanQ0dKJb5JYHK7Htp3WCEk7M0PkcFiPSiOSu72rl3s7K9JrXm67-lLsKm0kGr6KRBS8zJBYE2OacGTY0FgfyVXXWV_Q_U8T2KWb_rtxDAYjcDG_OjG9Jv/s1600/Average+temp+of+3+passes+considering+the+flow.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu0WrQJVeVik57J5_VcmTAd2QanQ0dKJb5JYHK7Htp3WCEk7M0PkcFiPSiOSu72rl3s7K9JrXm67-lLsKm0kGr6KRBS8zJBYE2OacGTY0FgfyVXXWV_Q_U8T2KWb_rtxDAYjcDG_OjG9Jv/s1600/Average+temp+of+3+passes+considering+the+flow.png" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Average temp of 3 passes considering the flow</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">This calculated temperature is used as PV (process variable)
of the controller TIC-101. The output of the PID block is scaled to fuel flow
range and send it to the combustion controller.</span></div>
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<b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span></span></b></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-WX3BbK34XAYv53deVKpfpA48tMHcnrshSNx_wNQSrabbBNPXyVExoOzhlIKZrEFUA6j46JL4zayvmpLp58NTzbtCF4WGn5RUaca0V_p0loofld7jwmKn9RTpJUImrcGTzA6NfcRds3uW/s1600/Function+block+configuration+of+the+temperature+controller.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="55" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-WX3BbK34XAYv53deVKpfpA48tMHcnrshSNx_wNQSrabbBNPXyVExoOzhlIKZrEFUA6j46JL4zayvmpLp58NTzbtCF4WGn5RUaca0V_p0loofld7jwmKn9RTpJUImrcGTzA6NfcRds3uW/s640/Function+block+configuration+of+the+temperature+controller.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Function block configuration of the temperature controller</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Oxygen control AIC-101</span></span></h3>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b style="font-weight: normal;">
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></b></span><br />
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<b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">
</span></span></b></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">
</span></b>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">This controller receives the PV from the oxygen transmitter
and it is controlled by a PID where the operator entries the desire SP. The
output is scaled and represent the oxygen trim or air excess to be used by the combustion
control. In this case, we can set the output scale 0.8 – 1.2 (±20%)</span></span></b></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span></span></b></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVwjzm9zJhsBbRRv_ZvLGWdSRIZOWiVhyGF7c2l1-yqtzOjUnW2QCJzxH6A4OzbNUkRJimcdWyzzyJnppZVKNpQDptF3CPVuNjYxGRIp1h1UXTqJqVxR9zCm0zGWevdf7pC7yoef-bfXeZ/s1600/Function+block+configuration+of+the+oxygen+controller.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVwjzm9zJhsBbRRv_ZvLGWdSRIZOWiVhyGF7c2l1-yqtzOjUnW2QCJzxH6A4OzbNUkRJimcdWyzzyJnppZVKNpQDptF3CPVuNjYxGRIp1h1UXTqJqVxR9zCm0zGWevdf7pC7yoef-bfXeZ/s1600/Function+block+configuration+of+the+oxygen+controller.png" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Function block configuration of the oxygen controller</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /></span></h3>
<h3>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Combustion Control</span></h3>
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">This controller has 3 parts:</span></span><br />
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></span></b><br />
<ol style="direction: ltr; list-style-type: decimal;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
<li style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"><div style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Calculation of the fuel SP using the fuel equivalent
air.</span></div>
</li>
<li style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"><div style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Calculation of the air SP using the air
equivalent fuel or the air equivalent temperature.</span></div>
</li>
<li style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"><div style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Interlock to ensure the air controller FIC-105
and the fuel controller FIC-106 are in the correct mode.</span></div>
</li>
</span></b></ol>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Calculating the fuel equivalent according to the quantity of air supplied:</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><span lang="EN"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span></span><br />
<h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></span></h2>
<h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">
</span></span></h2>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img alt="Fuel equiv air.png" height="55" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/fvSxpwXvecYr1OGeamBrL90ibYy40i5xE-WH30d79SVWp9klh6JIpITgn8-WZ4-upx2m_HAno69ln4hrMvAR2tTwa4YrSf9YkocsDKcmvZULlItqEAsBDZ0PxOO1Mo941Idjw2MM" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border-image: none; border: currentColor; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="291" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Calculation of the fuel required for a complete combustion according to the air supplied.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></b><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Taking on considerations possible changes of the process and
disturbances, the fuel equivalent air could be:</span></span></b></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span></span></b></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img alt="Fuel equiv air (bias gain).png" height="50" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/OfmruhDms1f6lbLbciaZRPLjuyRzdYb1Hx01mAxttTamQdKYM2-nRPdq1RXNI-Xaaqytf1ydDfXLxmPovAxS0EoEOtsuG4TKvXLOi6slPfkIlozZiQUUE9vjiixzcwSm8RJe0W_a" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="400" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Calculation of the fuel required considering disturbances in the system. </span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></b><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">To determine the SP that is going to be send to the fuel
controller FIC-106, it is selected the minimum value between the output of the
temperature controller TIC-101 and the Fuel equivalent air:</span></span></b><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYN4fniG0URKCj7K3G9eawMvVP6DpeHmLTa7bTDGdwh0TovoBipv51THingplkPDYuvUcZXVFFukvV7eWHC3Z22wap3UyobzIMctzqkANJ6c_D52Zv95lzOSQQKOAvRz4b2l5orQfVYJke/s1600/Fuel+gas+set+point.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYN4fniG0URKCj7K3G9eawMvVP6DpeHmLTa7bTDGdwh0TovoBipv51THingplkPDYuvUcZXVFFukvV7eWHC3Z22wap3UyobzIMctzqkANJ6c_D52Zv95lzOSQQKOAvRz4b2l5orQfVYJke/s1600/Fuel+gas+set+point.png" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fuel gas set point</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Calculating the air equivalent according to the quantity if fuel supplied:</span></b></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span></span><br />
<h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></span></h2>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img alt="Air equiv fuel.png" height="61" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/fm8ktFTqGoLGhxM2ocP8QnXaJORNoOiC43BAP22dhMWXPFsYwaeQGScZFr6iZ0CiFC0QBeX80p6ZlpLvEBFkuShLYviL_CmpqBxGQhEnuwr627S0yBbh2FNgi8mBgPZvDjjgU9rw" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="332" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Calculation of the air required for a complete combustion according to the fuel supplied</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></b><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Taking on considerations possible changes of the process and
disturbances, the air equivalent fuel could be:</span></span></b></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span></span></b></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img alt="Air equiv fuel 2.png" height="44" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/jGygCn2uuBxE_HYa7hMbRGoVS8jEZ8yAz_IRt2tRYLKB3ZTJVanYFK_PGwIPG957oGBVLpKA-q8t0_vbar3pqP5U4RYTJ2R7iZ0oI8Kr4qRg1wf8nVignrqpBXbVLMkJHHIj840l" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="400" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Calculation of the airl required considering disturbances in the system. </span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Calculating the air equivalent according to the temperature used:</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span>
</span></b><br />
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img alt="Air equiv temp.png" height="60" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-um06uqKyiQwzgSuB7D3qeOI4dD0YzqUEbJWBPBOnyIIkYGIepsBuUG7E9_3b9SBqXhy6Fcv1nG7dUNTgK1YZ3sEVaRWC9z92MVAgBnn6mUdx1rxNQIQwzrJljsh39oF-3kcvJ7a" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="400" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Calculation of the temperature required according to the furnace temperature. </span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></b><br />
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></b><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">
</span></span></b>
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">To determine the SP that is going to be send to the air
controller FIC-106, it is selected the maximum value between the air equivalent
fuel and the air equivalent temp:</span></span></b><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDJA1n_VthbJQFbXpEM7Jk7VD7JjQX6fEzSw6KfYe6SLFHtfyuo2eALwfV3xFF7WWaNR-EZVcd_LO5yOTVHO1PB7fSob-Tm3rwODjtrIQwNceTCxm_DSDzh08PYzZaPbPMZRT3Kpt1o6kL/s1600/Air+set+point.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDJA1n_VthbJQFbXpEM7Jk7VD7JjQX6fEzSw6KfYe6SLFHtfyuo2eALwfV3xFF7WWaNR-EZVcd_LO5yOTVHO1PB7fSob-Tm3rwODjtrIQwNceTCxm_DSDzh08PYzZaPbPMZRT3Kpt1o6kL/s1600/Air+set+point.png" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Air set point</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Interlocks</span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">It is required that the fuel gas controller and the air
controller be in cascade mode at the same time in order to work properly with
the combustion controller.</span></b></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">If the air flow controller FIC-105 is not in cascade, it is
no receiving the SP form the combustion controller. Then, the fuel gas flow
controller FIC-106 will match the mode of the FIC-105.</span></span></b></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span></span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></b><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">If the air flow controller FIC-105 is not in cascade, it is
no receiving the SP form the combustion controller. Then, the fuel gas flow
controller FIC-106 will match the mode of the FIC-105.</span></b><br />
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></b>
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /></span></h3>
<h3>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Air flow controller FIC-105</span></h3>
</div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></b><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">This controller receives the PV from the flow transmitter
FI-105. In cascade mode, it receives the SP from the combustion control. The
PID output controls the flow valve FV-105.</span></b></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></span></b><br />
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></b><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<h3>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /></span></h3>
<h3>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Fuel gas flow controller FIC-106</span></h3>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">This controller receives the PV from the flow transmitter
FI-106. In cascade mode, it receives the SP from the combustion control. The
PID output controls the flow valve FV-106.</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></b>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;">
</b>J. A.http://www.blogger.com/profile/10160305872899761692noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462666723589855043.post-54442053341067751262017-02-09T11:35:00.000-08:002017-02-23T07:29:59.303-08:00Useful Excel VBA code to create documentation of Control Systems valuable for migrations. Reads multiple text or source code and organizes the info in Excel<div style="border-image: none;">
<div style="border-image: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Read txt files or source code in
Excel, organize the information, this is a excellent tool when you want to
migrate control systems.</span></div>
</div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">In the next example, I am using a
backup file generated by the control system and extracting and organizing the
information in Excel.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";">To read this article in Spanish, please visit: </span><span style="font-family: "arial";"><a href="http://www.guiaautomatizacionindustrial.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">www.guiaautomatizacionindustrial.blogspot.com</a></span><br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Documentation of the information
contained on control system export files or backup files (useful for
migrations).</span><br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Sometimes you are able to open the
export files or backup files from a control system using a text editor like
notepad, WordPad, etc. This can help us to analyze the information contained on
these files and understand what is the control logic and be able to get an
interpretation. But it is difficult to get a general idea about how many I/O or
how many monitors, regulators, motors, calculations or on/off valves the system
has. With an excel table we can get all this information that will be very
useful, especially for migrations.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">With the correct VBA Excel code, we
can get the configuration of each tag type and its parameters.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">For example, the next code search on
the database the tags that have code or calculations and return the references
this calculation is using.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">To open the source code in Excel,
first we have to define the location where the files are saved.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Type the paths on the column A of your
spreadsheet.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggrIuP-UjHV6GDYUFi7FvkYWHGnhL9iwBmVHzXdiU-S2H7xe7vUi0GaiM13AyyVM9iakCrrpI4w33u-7bikhSNNAtQXwVW64WGdkgX_Bcbp9XKBEF7EqfzvTp6dKlNNYbNpdw74-HGBNkW/s1600/location+list+of+archives.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggrIuP-UjHV6GDYUFi7FvkYWHGnhL9iwBmVHzXdiU-S2H7xe7vUi0GaiM13AyyVM9iakCrrpI4w33u-7bikhSNNAtQXwVW64WGdkgX_Bcbp9XKBEF7EqfzvTp6dKlNNYbNpdw74-HGBNkW/s1600/location+list+of+archives.png" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeLf89XzuBnhAjV5Gl9F2B7NXOPDOlYWO5gQZtVLvbKQnVlbalno1IjGsF3qsRoBHKaiViQDhubMeXz19IPL3UFUtyLJoL2BQAXNuxhUcsycZZanr_rX-S0vQbyNTZ86sgsDAOwzKBr9w5/s1600/Tabla+3.png"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"></span></span></a><br /></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Then, click on the tab Developer,
and select Visual Basic, this will open the Visual Basic compiler. The tree on
the left shows the sheets that you workbook has, select the sheet that has the
list of locations and write the next code: </span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="ES-CR" style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Sub</span><span lang="ES-CR" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Read_File_Text()</span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dim</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> archive <span style="color: blue;">As String</span>
<span style="color: #6aa84f;">'path and name of the file en the list</span></span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dim</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> text <span style="color: blue;">As String</span>
<span style="color: #6aa84f;">'Code line to be read</span></span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dim</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> row <span style="color: blue;">As Integer</span>
<span style="color: #6aa84f;">'pointer of the row where the text will be placed
on the spreadsheet</span></span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dim</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> rowCL <span style="color: blue;">As Integer</span>
<span style="color: #6aa84f;">'pointer of the row where the file name will be
placed</span></span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dim</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> column <span style="color: blue;">As Integer</span> <span style="color: #6aa84f;">'pointer of the column where the text will be placed</span></span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="ES-CR" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">row = 1</span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="ES-CR" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">rowCL = 1</span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="ES-CR" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">ActiveSheet.Range("A2").Select
</span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Cells(1, 2).Value =
"ID_CL" <span style="color: #93c47d;">'ID_CL row title</span></span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Do While Not</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> IsEmpty(ActiveCell) <span style="color: #6aa84f;">'Loop to read the location list</span></span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> row = row + 1</span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> rowCL = rowCL + 1</span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> archive =
ActiveCell.Value <span style="color: #6aa84f;">'assign
variable archive to teh active control cell</span></span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="color: blue;">Open</span> archive <span style="color: blue;">For</span> <span style="color: blue;">Input As</span> #1 <span style="color: #6aa84f;">'reads the archive in the input #</span></span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> column =
2 <span style="color: #6aa84f;"> 'the names of the archives are placed on the column 2</span></span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="color: #6aa84f;">'Read and organize the content of the file</span></span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="color: blue;">While Not</span> EOF(1) <span style="color: #6aa84f;">'the EOF
function returns the true when it reach the end of the file</span></span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">
</span><span lang="ES-CR" style="color: #6aa84f; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">'Column
2 with the names of the files </span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">
<span style="color: blue;">If</span> archive Like "*CL Files*" <span style="color: blue;">Then</span></span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">
archive = Replace(archive, "C:\CL Files\Folder1", "")</span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="color: blue;"> End If</span></span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="ES-CR" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">
Cells(rowCL, 2).Value = archive</span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">
<span style="color: blue;">Line Input</span> #1, text <span style="color: #6aa84f;">'reads each line of the archive and it is saved on the
variable text</span></span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">
<span style="color: #6aa84f;">'Filter the text and look just for the word External</span></span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="color: blue;"> If</span> text <span style="color: blue;">Like</span>
"*EXTERNAL*" <span style="color: blue;">Then</span></span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">
<span style="color: #6aa84f;">'Remove the string External from the text filtered.</span></span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">
text = Right(text, Len(text) - InStr(text, "EXTERNAL") + 1)</span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">
text = Replace(text, "EXTERNAL ", "")</span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="color: #6aa84f;"> 'Remove any other space on left of the code line</span></span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">
<span style="color: blue;">Do While</span> Left(text, 1) = " "</span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">
text = Replace(text, " ", "")</span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">
<span style="color: blue;">Loop</span></span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">
column = column + 1</span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">
<span style="color: blue;">If</span> text <span style="color: blue;">Like</span>
"* *" <span style="color: blue;">Then</span></span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">
text = Left(text, InStr(text, " ") - 1) </span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">
</span><span lang="ES-CR" style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">End
If</span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">
<span style="color: #6aa84f;">'Placed the text on the corresponding cell</span></span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">
Cells(row, column).Value = text</span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">
Cells(1, column).Value = "EXTERNAL_REF" & column - 2</span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">
<span style="color: blue;">End
If
</span></span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="ES-CR" style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Wend</span><span lang="ES-CR" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="ES-CR" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">
</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Close</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> #1</span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">ActiveCell.Offset(1, 0).Select</span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Loop</span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">End Sub</span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">This VBA Excel code will generate a spreadsheet
with the list of external references that the code logics have.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAg036sn38CDnA7VMA-WiAu_mrS-qPvoV5NOQU60WxA_jyYGixMb7XneGTJnGTs7N614mDlHFlsaLkb9FuEtvGfRdQJrFIZ5fbDUZ1DybjJvM8EQ8kJGoDg0y9ONY4yxjMOMuLgJXcbHY4/s1600/Documentation+of+control+system+logic+in+Excel.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAg036sn38CDnA7VMA-WiAu_mrS-qPvoV5NOQU60WxA_jyYGixMb7XneGTJnGTs7N614mDlHFlsaLkb9FuEtvGfRdQJrFIZ5fbDUZ1DybjJvM8EQ8kJGoDg0y9ONY4yxjMOMuLgJXcbHY4/s1600/Documentation+of+control+system+logic+in+Excel.png" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Documentation of control system logic in Excel</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"></span></span><br /></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Manipulating this VBA code, you could create Excel spreadsheets
for other data types, like AI (analog inputs), DI (discrete inputs), PID
(regulators), motors and valves and list each of their parameters.</span></div>
J. A.http://www.blogger.com/profile/10160305872899761692noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462666723589855043.post-56057315293240578272017-02-09T11:11:00.000-08:002017-02-23T07:30:07.815-08:00How to create easily an Excel list of the files contained in a folderSometimes create a list of files contained in a folder could be annoying. If
the number of files is small, not a big deal, but when the amount of file gets
bigger, this task could be boring!!<br />
<div style="border-image: none;">
Because of this, I will show you how to get a list of files quickly! This help me a lot when I was trying to make a list of the control graphics contained in a folder. Follow
the next steps:<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";">To read this article in Spanish, please visit: </span><span style="font-family: "arial";"><a href="http://www.guiaautomatizacionindustrial.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">www.guiaautomatizacionindustrial.blogspot.com</a></span><br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
Open the Command Prompt of Windows:<br />
<div class="separator" style="border-image: none; clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhYRg7-Uac7XrF57hYBfUtF4EgEEmmmpzgeRjovvL-nQNUi9PjkFeXcJth_UiHCLoUbUPfwJeqrRl6uNAezx3T0veb1g0V3_KaceJoX6-ke5sZrAQ6wqzL5TsorRdzbetqtFvCVmNQl8cV/s1600/command+prompt.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhYRg7-Uac7XrF57hYBfUtF4EgEEmmmpzgeRjovvL-nQNUi9PjkFeXcJth_UiHCLoUbUPfwJeqrRl6uNAezx3T0veb1g0V3_KaceJoX6-ke5sZrAQ6wqzL5TsorRdzbetqtFvCVmNQl8cV/s1600/command+prompt.png" /></a></div>
<div style="border-image: none;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" style="border-image: none; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgusMKXU0bo2Ct1by12GRwcbW-sC2nXdhs3OiELCriBatzRVqWrzjEYypaEVa6OcU2_oIbnlRAsy4NDVHa5RjaouUKT1Y8mou5gEO5pSrE_11JrmrkXWNOSTus2QAQmsq1heV165RPmCK0_/s1600/Figura+1.png"><span style="color: blue; text-decoration: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"></span></span></a><br /></div>
<div style="border-image: none;">
Type the location of the folder where you want to get the file list.</div>
<div align="center" style="border-image: none; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
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Type the following command specifying the location and the name of the file
you want to create. This file is going to have the list of the files in the
folder. (c:\CrearLista\lista.txt). We can use the location and the name that
you want, but remember tu add the extensión “.txt” at the end. </div>
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<span lang="ES-CR" style="mso-ansi-language: ES-CR;">Ready! </span>You get a text document
with the list of the files contained in the folder. <span lang="ES-CR" style="mso-ansi-language: ES-CR;">Then, you can open the text file in Excel.</span></div>
J. A.http://www.blogger.com/profile/10160305872899761692noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462666723589855043.post-85198102792247498762017-02-07T14:03:00.000-08:002017-02-23T07:29:00.540-08:00How does a pressure reducing valve work? Pressure regulator and vaporizers principles. Example of a residencial and industrial uses.<div style="font-family: "arial"; line-height: 28px; margin: 10pt 0in 0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
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<span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-size: 14.66px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><em>During the installation of LP gas to a residence or industry, it is important the use of pressure regulators and vaporizers when is required, to ensure the efficient use of the gas.</em></span></span></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Installation of an industrial LP tank with vaporizer, pressure regulators and safety shut off valve</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "arial";">To read this article in Spanish, please visit: </span><span style="font-family: "arial";"><a href="http://www.guiaautomatizacionindustrial.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">www.guiaautomatizacionindustrial.blogspot.com</a></span><br />
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What is the purpose of a pressure reducing valve or pressure regulator?</h2>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The typical use of the pressure regulators is located in the residences that uses gas to cook or heat. Normally a residence oven or furnace or heater require low gas pressure compared o the input gas pressure. The nominal value is between 0.36 – 0.4 psi. The pressure of a residential tank is around 50-200 psi, that is why we need pressure reducing valves or pressure regulators.</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">But the pressure regulators have limitations and sometimes it is required to install multiple valves in order to get the desire pressure. </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">For example, a residential gas tank has a pressure of 100 psi, and it is required to reduce the pressure around 0.4 psi, the firs pressure regulator reduces the pressure to 4 psi and a second pressure regulator reduces the pressure to 0.4 psi. Sometimes these 2 pressure<br />regulators are embedded in one device.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">But the pressure regulators not only reduce the pressure, they also maintain the pressure constant.</span></span></div>
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How does the pressure regulator maintain the output pressure constant?</h2>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSyGsaiFADx1BCze5QaGyiTyLPAqUQGxMaTegbrq76zzMdI6xQ6JrqFWw5DnR44MGcp1XaSzF6HodV4MwHZhxcDMFe3Co9ZxzY-9hUdAvh3gkxVnzA-MNbX1ftwE6D56BNIaTq0sViQuKd/s1600/Captura+de+pantalla+2017-02-11+a+las+2.35.26+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSyGsaiFADx1BCze5QaGyiTyLPAqUQGxMaTegbrq76zzMdI6xQ6JrqFWw5DnR44MGcp1XaSzF6HodV4MwHZhxcDMFe3Co9ZxzY-9hUdAvh3gkxVnzA-MNbX1ftwE6D56BNIaTq0sViQuKd/s320/Captura+de+pantalla+2017-02-11+a+las+2.35.26+AM.png" width="288" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><u><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Lateral view of a pressure regulator (pressure reducing valve)</span></u></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The output pressure can be adjusted manually by the screw adjuster or pressure adjuster, this is located on the top of the valve and push an internal spring. The function of the spring is to counteract the force of the gas inlet pressure on the valve. In this way, the pressure is regulated by the effect of the opposing forces between the spring and the inlet pressure.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">When the inlet pressure increases, the impulsion force of the fluid overcomes the spring force, causing the contraction of the spring and closing the valve connected to the spring through the stem. The valve closes in order to maintain the outlet pressure on the set value.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">When the inlet pressure decreases, the impulsion force of the spring overcomes the inlet pressure force, causing the expansion of the spring and opening the valve connected to the spring through the stem. The valve opens in order to maintain the outlet pressure on the set value.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">There are different types of pressure regulators, but the operation principle is the same, and their main parts are: </span></span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">A mechanism the regulate the flow that could be a butterfly valve or globe, etc. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">A load opposite to the force of the inlet pressure, like a spring, diaphragm or both.</span></li>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><u><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">How does pressure reducing valve work?</span></u><br />
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How does the vaporizers work?</h2>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Let’s analyze the case where we have an industrial LP tank of 13000 liters.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The LP in the tanks is on liquid state, when the LP is exposed to an atmosphere with a temperature greater than 0 C, the LP boils absorbing heat, changing to gas state and cooling the material that is in contact to it.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">It is important to mention that the recommendation for LP tanks is keep a 15% free of its total capacity, because the temperature outside the tank boils the liquid LP inside, and the volume of the vapor is 250 time greater than the liquid, generating a high pressure into the tank.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The vaporization in the tank depends of the wet surface, or the quantity of liquid LP in the tank and the ambient temperature. If the wet surface is less or if the temperature is less, then the vaporization is less.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Normally the vaporization in residential tanks takes place inside the tank, the ambient temperature that is in contact to the tank is enough to vaporize the LP, increasing the pressure in the tanks, this pressure is required for the distribution of the gas around the residence.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">When the ambient temperature around the tank is not enough to produce the vaporization of the LP, the LP liquid starts cooling and reducing the output pressure, causing a reduction of the output flow. To increment the output flow, the LP is vaporized through external vaporizers.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The change between the liquid state to gas state is handle by the vaporizers. The main function of a vaporizer is to increment the LP temperature, to reach the boiling point.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Because the vaporization of the LP liquid causes cooling of the material in contact, it is necessary that the vaporizer stay warm to avoid a frozen pipe or device.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In this specific case, the vaporizer maintains the LP gas to a temperature of 5 °C at 15 psi.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">While the gas goes downstream, its temperature increases until the ambient temperature. The pressure regulators are located downstream in order to reduce the pressure to the nominal pressure required for the furnace 0.8 psi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">After the LP gas reaches the nominal pressure required by the furnace, the following stage is the safety system using shut off valves.</span></div>
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J. A.http://www.blogger.com/profile/10160305872899761692noreply@blogger.com9